Using Thin Layer Chromatography To Monitor Reactions Environmental Sciences Essay

Using Thin Layer Chromatography To Monitor Reactions environmental Sciences EssayThin floor chromatography (tender loving c atomic number 18) is a in truth useful technique for monitoring reactions. It tin can as well be utilise to determine the fit firmness of purpose system for performing separations employ newspaper column chromatography. tender loving care stationary phases argon usu every last(predicate)y alumina or silicon oxide. They argon polar for regulation proves or non-polar for reverse phase chromatography. The mobile phase is a picture whose polarity is chosen by the person conducting the experiment. In closely science laboratory work standard phase silica plates are used. Different compounds forget jaunt distinguishable distances up the plate de compileding on the polarity of the dowrys of the mixture. The more polar compounds will be more attracted to the polar silica mousse and travel shorter distances on the plate. Mon-polar substances will s compiled more period in the mobile phase and as a head will travel larger distances on the plate. The measure of the distance a compound travels is called the store factor (Rf ) value.The retention factor, or Rf, is defined as the distance traveled by the compound divided by the distance traveled by the final result.For example, if a compound travels 2.1 cm and the consequence front travels 2.8 cm, the Rf is 0.75The Rf for a compound is a constant from one experiment to the adjoining only if the chromatography conditions below are similarly constantsolvent system adsorptivethickness of the adsorbentamount of material faulttedtemperatureSince these factors are difficult to keep constant from experiment to experiment, relative Rf value are generally considered. Relative Rf means that the values are reported relative to a standard, or it means that you compare the Rf values of compounds run on the selfsame(prenominal) plate at the same succession.1.1 Thin Layer Chromatog raphyThere put up been a numbered of primary(prenominal) milestones in the evolution of chromatography in the last 100 years. Each of these milestones has signalled the start of an important branch of chromatography. Some examples of these are partition chromatography (1941), gas chromatography (1951-1952), high implementation fluent chromatography (mid- 1960s), capillary electrophoresis (1980) and capillary electrochromatography (past decade).In all the chromatographic techniques mentioned, separation is carried out in a column. However, it is also possible to declare out separations on a planar surface. Two examples of this are base chromatography (1944) and thin-layer chromatography (1937-1938). Thin-layer chromatography (tender loving care) replaced paper chromatography as the most popular, routine chromatographic technique.tender loving care was number 1 used in 1937 to 1938 by Nikolai A. Izmailov and Maria S. Shraiber at the Institute of observational Pharmacy of the S tate University of Kharkov. At the time Izmailov was the head of the institute and Shraiber was his polish student. They were searching for a system acting for the rapid analytic th signing of galenic pharmaceutical preparations (plant extracts). As classical column chromatography would have taken too much time they felt that if the absorbent would be prepared in the form of a thin-layer on a glassful plate. They believed that it would behave like a column but the characterization time would be much shorter. They coated microscope slides with a sus create verballysion of variant adsorbents (calcium, magnesium and aluminium oxides). They deposited one drop of the smack solution on this layer and added one drop of the same solvent used in a column to mature separation. The test was a success as the illogical take in components appeared as concentric peal that fluoresced in variant polishs under a UV lamp. They showed that the place of the concentric multicoloured rings on the plate would have been like to the sequence of coloured rings obtained on a normal chromatographic column. They called this technique location chromatography and the result on the microscope slides ultrachromatograms.The paper on this experiment was promulgated in a Russian pharmaceutical journal that was much un cognize outside the then Soviet Union. Its abstract was included in a Russian review journal and through with(predicate) it in chemic Abstracts. It was then read by M. OL. Crowe of the New York State Department of Health. He then adapted the technique for his own use. Crowe prepared the adsorbent layer in a Petri dish, added a drop of the sample solution in the centre and then added the developing solvent dropwise until fitted separation was obtained.In 1947 T.I. Williams described a further improvement of the method of Izmailov and Shraiber in his textbook on chromatography. He prepared the adsorbent-coated glass plates in the form of a sandwich. The adsorbent la yer was covered by 2 glass plates and had a small hole which the sample drops could be applied through.Meinhard and Hall do the next major step in the development of tender loving care at the University of Wisconsin. They used corn starch, which acted as a binder, to hold the coating on the glass plate and added a small amount of Celite powder to the adsorbent particles to improve the consistency of the layer. They called this surface chromatography. They used it to sepa regularize inorganic ions. new tender loving care started 50 years ago with the work Department of agriculture Fruit and Vegetable laboratory in Southern California. He investigated the scag components of the juices of citrus fruits. However, he stated that very large volumes had to be treat because the amount of flavour material was extremely small. A nonher problem was in finding an analytical method for the investigation of the juice concentrate composition.He followed the method of Meinhard and Hall that he read in Chemical Abstracts. However, kind of of adding just a drop of the developing solvent he unquestionable the plates as in paper chromatography. The plates were developed in a closed(a) chamber and one side was dipped into the solvent. The solvent then ascended through the plate by capillary action. It carried with it the sample components and they were uninvolved as a result. The experiments carried out were published and are considered the start of modern TLC.Egon Stahl was responsible for TLC becoming a universally accepted technique. He was also the premiere to use the term thin-layer chromatography to characterize the technique. This choice of represent was almost direct accepted.Stahl investigated motley essential oils and obtained good results victimization adsorbent-coated glass plates. However, neither the method nor the adsorbent to be used had been optimized. Also, the adsorbents had to be modified and treated ahead they could be used for the coating of plat es. Stahl started investigating the operational parameters and the adsorbent preparations. In the spring of 1958 his efforts were fulfilled as the necessary basic instrumentation, make by Desaga and silica gel G match to Stahl for TLC, made by E. Merck were twain introduced at the international Achema exhibition of chemical equipment in Frankfurt. Stahl also published an article outlining the use of the system and a wide range of screenings. Because of this convertible method TLC became a widely used laboratory technique. He also went on to publish a TLC handbook in 1962.Although TLC had a wide natural covering it was still thought to be a qualitative technique for the analysis of ingenuous mixtures. As a result advances were directed toward improving the technique. Instrumentation which permitted more precise detective work of the sample onto the plates and the quantitative evaluation of the separated spots was developed. Faster analysis and higher separation power was also achieved. As a result of the higher performance ability the name was change to high-performance TLC (HPTLC) by R.E. Kaiser, who was instrumental in its development.The particle size and range of the adsorbent was the main difference mingled with TLC and HPTLC. The silica gel for TLC had broad particle sizes of 10-60m with an fair of 20m whereas HPTLC has an average of only 5m. the HPTLC plates were also smaller in comparison with TLC plates, 10 x 10cm and 20 x 20cm seeively. The im prove method and excogitation allowed reduction in the diameter of the starting spots. These improvements lowered the analysis time and increased the efficiency. Problems arose with flow rate which Kaiser overcame by applying pressure to the TLC plate. This in turn led to forced-flow TLC.Due to the constant condensation-evaporation process associated with developing TLC plates in developing domiciliate problems can be encountered because of the changing upper of the mobile phase. To overcome this fo rced-flow TLC (FFTLC) was developed by Tyihk, Mincsovics and Kalsz. In this method the spotted plates (dry) are placed into a pressurized development chamber. The stationary-phase layer is tightly covered and sealed on its side by an elastic tissue layer and pressurized by an inert gas or water filling up the cushion above the layer. The mobile phase is delivered via a pump at a constant velocity through a slit in the membrane to the stationary phase. There are various configurations which can be handled utilise this method.TLC is a very simple technique. As a result very little instrumentation is essential. Application of samples to the stationary-phase is carried out using a micropipette or syringe. The developing chambers are simple glass structures. Detection is carried out by visual inspection or made visible by spraying the plate with reagent. Also, a wide sort of precoated plates are available so coating equipment isnt needed.In more go on systems the samples may be spot ted by automated loading devices (dosimeters). This allows the application of small and uniform sample spots. More sophisticated developing chambers are also available (FFTLC). The plates can be scanned by densitometers and quantitatively analysed using absorbance or fluorescence measurements. Chromatograms with peaks of the individual separated spots recorded against the distance of the plate are produced with such(prenominal) analyses. Their area is also a likeness to the amount present. More complex systems can also be created by combining TLC systems with other systems such as mass spectrum analysis and Fourier transform infrared.1.2 Ink AnalysisInk analysis is a very important forensic procedure. It can reveal useful cultivation some questioned document. Modern inks contain many substances which are aimed at improving the ink. The most important component of the ink is the colouring material. It comes in the form of a tarnish, pigment or a combining of both. Dyes are oi l-soluble in the swimming body of the ink, also known as the vehicle. Pigments are delicately ground multi-molecular granules that are insoluble in the vehicle. The vehicles composition affects the flowing and drying qualitys of the ink and can consist of oils, solvents and resins.1.3 Chromatography StudiesDjozan et al developed a new and firm method for the polariation of inks on a questioned document. They designed specific word picture analysis software for evaluating thin layer chromatograms. They sampled forty-one gloomy ballpen pen pen pen pens which were purchased from their local markets in Iran ( circuit card 1).They origin wrote a circumference of diameter 5 mm uniformly by pen on a paper. single fourth of this was then punched out for rootage. They carried out pedigree in 1 ml glass tubes and added 0.1 ml of methanol. This was then vigorously shaken for 1 min. the ink component was then fully dissolved in methanol. The supernatant methanoic solutions were t hen used to spot the TLC plates. A pinhead sample of paper with equal dimensions was also treated in the same way.Table 1. itemization of blue ballpoint pens studiedList of blue ballpoint pens studied1 Cello pyramid 0.7 mm fine TC ball2 OBA3 AIHAO4 Bic 015 Cenator6 PARKER7 A.T.CROSS FINE8 Pelikan STICK 9189 Marvy SB-10 1.0 mm10 Bic 0211 PIANO crystal12 My pen 2001 PENS High Quality Bluce CE13 AIBA14 STAEDTLER commove 430M A IRAN15 Reynolds Medium 048 France16 EIFEL Elegance17 CASPIAN STICK 2001 M18 STABILO liner 30819 FABER-CASTELL 1.0 mm Medium (transparent)20 BIC 0821 Bocheng A-10022 SCHNEIDER TOPS 505 M Germany23 FIBER-CASTELL 1.0 mm Medium24 MILAN PI 1 mm25 Reform26 PAPER = MATE FLEXGRIP ultra MED27 PARKER UK28 CANDID-DINI 285329 STABILO-galaxy 818 M30 No name31 No name32 Zebra Rubber 10133 SANFORD SAGA34 Bensia35 Girls36 EUROPEN37 PARS swiss Refill 60638 STAEDTLER overreach 430 M TBRITAIN39 Lus HF 50040 No name41 STABILO bill 508TLC analysis was carried out on Merck (Darmst adt, Germany) 20 cm x 20 cm silica gel 60 TLC plates without fluorescent indicator. The plates were activated at 60 C for 20 min and immediately spotted after cooling in a desiccator. The plates were developed in a developing chamber. The mobile phase used was ethyl ethanoate/ absolute ethanol/ distilled water (703530, v/v/v). Chromatographic development of the plates was carried out at room temperature for 40 min. All mobile phases were prepared daily with analytical grade chemicals. bountiful was prepared to supply the tank for each run. The plates were air-dried after development. The separated compounds were visible on the plate by their vivid colour and the plates were scanned into a seer using an office electronic scanner.An IBM compatible PC (penitentiarytium IV) with a 2.6 gigacycle per second microprocessor, 256 MB random access memory (RAM) and a hard record book with 40 GB capacity for external storage was used for treat the colour reachs. The computer was equipped with an on-board graphic card (NviDiA Geforce 7300LE) and a scanner (CanoScan 4200F) was connected to the computer for scanning (300 dpi) TLC plates as digital images. The images were deliver as bmp files. Matlab (Version 6.5, The Math Works, Inc.) was used to write a new syllabus to process the previously saved images.Previous studies indicated that Pyridine is the solvent used with ballpoint pen inks. Djozan et al preformed extraction with different solvents using various extraction modes. These modes were preoccupation of paper into solvent and simple agitation for 1 min, ultra-sound help extraction and micro-wave assistance extraction. The results showed that the immersion of paper into methanol or pyridine and simple agitation resulted in complete extraction of the inks from paper (Table 2).Table 2. List of solvents used for extraction of ink components from paperSolventSolubility of ink colours ethyl group ethanoateEthanolAcetic acid propanonebutanol1,2-DichloroethaneButy l acetate rayonTetrachloroethaneAcetyl acetateCyclohexane wood spiritPyridinesome reasonably sparingly slightlySlightlySlightlySlightlySlightlySlightlySlightly dissolubleSolubleNo improvement was put using ultra-sound or micro-wave assisted extraction. Methanol was chosen as the extraction solvent due to the safety of the solvent. The selection of the plate was down to the fact that silica gel plates provided the scoop out resolution of dye spots. They selected five mobile phases (Table 3) and found that ethyl acetate/ absolute ethanol/ distilled water (703530, v/v/v) was effective in separating nearly all the dye mixtures. The spot capacity obtained was more than 15.Table 3. Different solvent systems used to develop plateSolvent SystemRatioSpot capacityButanolethanolH2OEthyl acetatecyclohexanemethanolNH3Ethyl acetateButanolNH3Ethyl acetateethanolH2OToluene propanoneethanolNH35015107015105603557035303060729510155Fig. 1. Typical TLC results of 10 different ink samples (Djozan et a l, 2008)Fig. 1. shows a typical chromatogram that they achieved in their experiment. To confirm complete separation of all components in the studied sample, two-dimensional (2D) TLC was carried out using various solvent systems. The results proved that the one-dimensional (1D) TLC is able to provide sufficient separation.The first stage carried out was colour image normalization. A habit of the input images was computed that is invariant to confounding scene properties but was discriminative with respect to desired scene information. The calculation is as followsStage 2 is to compute a colour image profile. The intensity profile of an image is the train intensity values taken from regularly spaced points along a line segment in an image the intensity values are interpolated for points that dont fall on the centre pixel they computed an intensity profile for r, g and b images along the line passing through the centre of the image on the chromatographic development straight of each ink spot.Fig. 2. RGB characteristic of an ink after TLC (Djozan et al, 2008)In stage 3 the colour image profiles were correlated. The intensity profiles were considered as sequences and the normalized cross-correlation of sequences were computed. Cross-correlation is a measure of similarity of two signals. It is used to find features in an unknown signal and compared to a known signal. It is reckon as follows for discrete functionsEq. (1)For image-processing applications in which the brightness of the images can be due to lighting and exposure conditions, the images can be first normalized. It is calculated as followsEq. (2)Stage 4 involved computing image similarity. The heavy mean of and were computed as followsEq. (3)The ability of the method to differentiate between various blue ballpoint pens was evaluated by comparing the similarity of different inks according to Eq. (3).Fig. 3. Screen shot of Matlab software running (Djozan et al, 2008)Fig. 4. All possible combination of c omparing inks with TLC-IA (Djozan et al, 2008)In 2006 Liu et al published a paper on the classification of somber gel pen inks by ion-pairing high-performance liquid chromatography. They stated that black gel inks usually contain several dye components. These components all have different colours and are mixed together equilibriumally to give the black colour.They used reverse-phase ion-pairing high performance chromatography (RP-IP-HPLC). It was make in such a manner as the dyes couldnt be change on the C18 column due to their high polarities. The maximum UV ducking draws of the black gel pen inks obtained were between 500 and 700 nm. The wavelength of the sensor was coiffe to 580 nm as most of the dyes had a maximum UV surface assimilation near 580 nm.They investigated the influence of both volatile and non-volatile ion-pairing reagents on the HPLC analysis of black gel pen ink dyes. All the reagents had different alkyl chain, ammonium ion acetate, triethylamine (TEA), tributylamine (TBA), dihexylamine (DHA) and tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBABr). The results revealed that the dyes were nearly not retained using ammonium acetate or TEA as the ion-pairing reagent. Using TBABr, TBA and DHA as the ion-pairing reagent, one after another, the dyes were separated. TBABr was selected as the ion-pairing reagent as the retention times were shorter than the others and sharper peaks were obtained.They also investigated the damp solution engrossments and the effect of pH on the separation. The optimum result was 40 mmol/L TBABr fan solution (pH 7) with acetonitrile as the organic modifier for IP-HPLC analysis and an identical proportion of the buffer and acetonitrile (v/v = 4060) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. these optimum conditions were used to separate 50 dye-based black gel pen inks by IP-HPLC.Liu et al carried out another study on ion-pairing HPLC in 2006. This time, however, they studied the degradation of blue gel pen dyes and also used electrospra y tandem mass spectrometry.They used ion-pairing reversed phase liquid chromatography as the inorganic compounds they were analysing have weak retention on the unexceptional reversed stationary phases when separating on HPLC. This is due to their high polarities. The UV detector was set at 580 nm for the analysis as most dyes have a normal maximum absorption near 580 nm. The UV absorptions of the fluorescence lightening reagents in paper are usually below 500 nm and they had no interference for the detection of the gel pen dyes at 580 nm.Fig. 5. Chromatograms of blue gel pen inks using different ion pairing reagents (Liu et al, 2006)The tested various mobile phases eluent A eluent B (acetonitrile) = 5050 (v/v) eluent A was the buffer of ion pairing reagent with concentration of 40 mmol L1 (pH 7.0), and the ion pairing reagent was (a) ammonium acetate, (b) TEA acetate, (d)TBA acetate, (e) DHA acetate and (f) TBABr, respectively. (c) Ammonium carbonate as eluent A (40 mmol L1, pH 9.5 ) and eluent Aeluent B (acetonitrile) = 5050(v/v). they found that 10 mmol-1 TBA acetate (pH 7.0) was suitable ion-pairing agent for the purpose and ink samples stored in different conditions were analyse by IP-HPLC. Significant changes of ink composition were observed. The noticed that the natural senior inks had the similar but weaker degradation trend than the light aged inks. They used HPLC-MS/MS with ammonium carbonate as ion-pairing reagent to obtain the information of the light aged inks and their photodegradation mechanism.In 1994, Varshney et al analysed ink from typed script of electronic typewriters by HPTLC. They used script from seven electronic typewriters. They used the incidental Rf values and in-situ visible spectra of each resolved band of all the chromatograms indicated that the same chemical composition is being used in six typewriter ribbon inks. However, the seventh one is completely different.Fig. 6. Wavelength maxima values of in-situ visible spectrum ban ds of electronic typewriter scripts (Varshney et al, 1994)Fig. 6. shows the densitograms obtained after scanning and integration of the chromatograms of tracks of individual typewriters and blank paper. The seven electronic typewriter inks could be categorised into two groups after analysis. The first group resolved the sample to four bands including the base. The second group did not resolve the samples at all with the solvent systems used.Several varieties of blue ballpoint pen inks were analysed by HPLC and IR spectrometry by Kher et al in 2006. The chromatographic data extracted at four wavelengths (254, 279, 370 and 400 nm) was analyzed individually and at a combination of these wavelengths by the soft independent exemplar of class analogies (SIMCA) technique. They used principal components analysis (PCA) to estimate the separation between the pen samples. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) measured the probability with which an observation could be assigned to a pen class. T he best resolution was obtained by HPLC using data from all four wavelengths together, differentiating 96.4% pen pairs successfully using PCA and 97.9% pen samples by LDA. PCA separated 60.7% of the pen pairs and LDA provided a correct classification of 62.5% of the pens analyzed by IR. They stated that HPLC coupled with chemometrics provided a better discrimination of ballpoint pen inks compared to IR.Kher et al effectively combined LDA and PCA to classify the HPLC and IR data. PCA gives a general idea of how different a given pair of pens is, whereas LDA can quantify the predictive ability of a generated classification model. The two techniques of PCA and LDA were shown to be complimentary to each other. The PCA and LDA results indicated that although IR cannot differentiate between all classes of pen inks, it can still provide a reasonable discrimination, which can be enhanced further by improving the quality of the spectra. The analysis of such an enhanced IR data with chemometr ic analyses would provide a valuable non-destructive wight for forensic analyses.Raman Spectroscopy StudiesMazzella and Buzini used Raman spectroscopy to analyse blue gel pen inks in 2004. They sampled 55 blue gel pens. They first separated them into two groups using a preliminary solubility test in methanol. They discovered that 36 were pigmented inks, which arent soluble in methanol, and 19 were dye-based inks, which are soluble in methanol.They applied Raman spectroscopy to the 36 pigmented blue gel inks. Raman spectroscopy is a non-destructive technique. Spectra were first obtained using the 514.5 nm argon ion laser which proved the observation of 4 different groups. They then used the 830 nm NIR semiconductor diode laser and divided the inks into three groups. They then combined the two lasers and a separation into 5 groups was obtained.They then attempted to identify the pigments contained in the gel by comparison to standard pigments. Two main pigments were detected in the analysed samples PB15 and PV23. PB 15 is pigment blue 15 and belongs to the class of phthalocyanines. PV23 is the pigment violet 23 and belongs to the class oxazines. The argon laser allowed the detection of a mixture of PB 15 and PV 23. This was a better result than using the NIR diode laser.The results showed that the same gel pen ink (same model and brand) from different geographical locations showed the same Raman spectra. However, it was stated that the Raman technique obtained low discriminating values.2. Materials and method2.1 MaterialsBlue ballpoint pensMerck silica gel 60 TLC plates (20 cm x 20 cm)MethanolEthyl acetateEthanol (absolute) opusDessicatorDeveloping chamberPuncherGlass tubes (0.1 ml)Capillary tubes2.2 Experimental13 blue ball-point pens (Table 1) were bought from a number of different shops in the town. A circle with a diameter of 5mm was written by the pen on paper. superstar fourth of it was punched out for extraction. The samples are placed in 1 ml glass t ubes. 0.1ml of methanol was added and vigorously shaken for 1 min. The ink component was fully dissolved in methanol. The supernatant methanoic solutions were used for spot application on TLC plate. A blank of paper only is also treated as was a control which was a permanent marker. TLC analyses were preformed using Alugram 20 cm x 10 cm silica gel/UV plates (Macherey-Nagel). The plates were activated at 60C for 20 min and immediately after, cooled in a desiccator, and spotted. The plates were developed in a horizontal developing chamber. The solvent system included ethyl acetate/absolute ethanol/ distilled water (703530, v/v/v). schooling was preformed at room temperature for 40 min. All mobile phases were prepared daily. later development the plates were air-dried. All 13 different pens were tested in triplicate. memory board factors were calculated using the results from the plates and photographs taken using a digital photographic camera were loaded onto the computer and ana lysed using image analysis software.Table 1List of pens analysed flakeDescription1No Brand (blue)2Pilot G-2073BIC ReAction4BIC Medium (Bought in Tesco)5BIC Medium (Bought in Dunnes)6No Brand (Purple)7Staedtler Stick 430M8Roller Pen9Papermate 1.2M10Scripto Stick Pen11Papermate Write Bros.12Comfort Touch13No Brand (Tesco Click Pen)3. Results and DiscussionBefore carrying out the experiment it needed to be researched. This research pointed out the importance of the correct solvent to retreat the ink from the document. Djozan et al used methanol as their choice of solvent after considering other solvents (Table 2). They stated that Pyridine was the reported solvent used with ball-point pen inks. However, they carried out extractions with different solvents using various extraction modes. They realised that immersion of the paper into methanol with agitation resulted in complete extraction of the inks from the paper. Methanol was also chosen because of its safety.Table 2List of solvents used for the extraction of ink components from paperSolventSolubility of ink coloursEthyl acetateSlightlyEthanolSlightlyAcetic AcidSlightlyAcetoneSlightlyButanolSlightly1,2-DichloroethaneSlightlyButyl acetateSlightlyTetrachloroethaneSlightlyAcethyl acetateSlightlyCyclohexanSlightlyMethanolSolubleOyridineSolubleDifferent concentrations of the solvent system (Table 3) were analysed to see which gave the greater separation. It was found that the concentration given by Djozan et al, (ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water (703530, v/v/v)) gave the best results. The Alugram silica Gell/UV plates were also found to work better than the suggested, Merck silica gel 60, plates without fluorescent indicator.Table 3Concentrations of solvent system investigatedNumberSolvent system1ethyl acetate, ethanol, water (703530, v/v/v)2ethyl acetate, ethanol, water (703035, v/v/v)3ethyl acetate, ethanol, water (702540, v/v/v)4ethyl acetate, ethanol, water (704025, v/v/v)Table 4Retention factors for all separ ated componentspenspot 1spot 2spot 3spot 4spot 5SolventRF1RF2RF3RF4RF51.170730.9589041.270730.9589041.270730.9589042.16269730.84931581.241942.26269730.84931581.241942.36269730.84931581.241943.1576062700.814286

Kolb learning cycle

Kolb acquirement rhythmKOLB LEARNING CYCLEAbstractIn this assignment, we dissertate nearly breeding, Kolbs encyclopedism musical rhythm and different reading styles. And we get roundabout of association how to become a good learner.LearningIn that environment that we ar usually not going there before, or not pretend any belief nigh their rule and regularities, in that point we ingest to learn nearly the basic information for our survival. That is called learning. To prep ar ourselves for the new challenges of life, no doubt, it is little bite hard, but we beget to follow the rule and regularities about the specialised needs. Learning is the first step for doing any thing in life, because without learning in life we are not be able to do anything in life.KolbKolb is unrivalled of the most potent investigators in the theme because he ca-cas a complete theoretical picture. According to kolb, learning is the behavior where we shadower come across bundle of frien dship through different experiences. The theory describes a stylus of making and placing the syllabus and points in really beautiful way and go for notice (of) us how the syllabus lead be teach and how student enkindle learn lot of knowledge. It indicates that learning is cyclical, constitutes four degrees, somewhattimes related to as detection, watching, thinking and doing. An outstanding characteristic of the theory is that the different symbolizes are think with clear-cut learning styles. Wherever, they feel comfortable that is the first stage for them learning. In the case of student there are different tasks where student sack pass one by one, and become more wiser with practice and knowledge. Teachers withal pretend different styles of teaching to the students with different new ideas. So ein truthone have different stages of learning. Kolbs experiential learning theory is one of the master piece of music of educational theories in higher education, and it has is avouch place in the belles-lettres on geography in higher education in the UK. However, estimating from produce literature and the result of this theory is not really good impacting or less well geographers in north America. This is fairly surprising wedded that Kolb is an Ameri shadower organisational psychologist, whose subject has targeted lot of care in north America, specially in the education management and psychology literature. Kolbs speech rhythm have had very good impact on the work of teachers and students and new learners.Kolbs learning cycleAccording to kolbs there are four elements which complete the learning cycle and they are very important, because these elements work one by one and very smoothly, they will set out place each other.1- ActivistPretending, homework, analysis. What is new, i am part of anything, problem solving, small groups give and take equal feed confirm, flight simulator should be a icon of a professional, in this case we should give th e new learner to chance to learn his own way with some criteria for relevance of stuffs.2- ReflectorDiaries, logs, thinking. I wish well the way to think about this training thought. In this case lectures are play very important fibre to know the really personality of the person by Jude performance.3- theoristPapers, inferences. How this thing is part of other thing. facts of life thought, case studies, theory readings and work with your own ideas will give you lot of economic aid. Including talking with experts, is not encourage.4- Pragmatist corresponding work, laboratories, notices. How can i get the real advantage of this work? Training thought, equal feedback is helpful. In this case whatever you want to do, you must have proper qualification of the relevant field and complete knowledge. Help from the graven image will be better and boost your career.Different stages in the cycleNot doubt, Kolbs learning cycle have four elements and they have several(prenominal) importan ce. But the main important thing is that they also have portion at different stages in the cycle. In 1988 Gibbs take a across-the-board advantage and research on Kolbs learning cycle in the field of educational practice. He gets the result that all the elements have very smashed relationship with each other on different stages.In setting out logical significances of Kolbs theory Gibbs indicates.It is not complete just to do, and not is it complete just to think. Nor is it enough simply to do and think. Learning from excises necessary demand the doing and the thinking.in an opening public talkStage 1 (CE)Students one by one read complete takes out from ternion or four books that represent factors of living in necessary. At endowment them a substitute building material.Stage 2 (RO)IN groups of 5-6, students take interest in key questions, same does it look that these experiences were change do by gender. In this stage student need to look back on their reading and also try to focus for the next stage.stage 3 (AC)In that stage 30 minute lecture on the relevant topic give them the idea what is basic need for specific topic and it will be solve.Stage 4 (AE)At this stage student know how to be going forward and present their own ideas. Which is revenant to the all previous stages.In the next class sessionStage 5 (CE)In this stage, students show their ideas and compare with other idea as well. (experience)Stage 6 (RO)In this stage, students discuss questions that help them to modify their ideas. In this stage teacher play very important role to give the student proper guideline. Which really help them a lot in future. (reflection)Stage 7 (AC)This stage is very important because in this stage teach show the students or give them their result and gibe to the requirement. (conceptualisation)Stage 8 (AE)In this stage, students are able to preserve their views aright and according to the point. (experimentation)At this position the work or lesson move to ot her topic, where Kolbs theory may be used again to base learning experience. At this time students will look back and use the way of analysis (AE), Second time, they move (CE). Hopefully they tell the raft (RO), and capability give view that if they read this theory (AC), they get the result at the end differently and their experience might be automatically changed by that learning. http//www2.glos.ac.uk/GDN/discuss/kolb1.htmPersonal Review of learningIn my opinion, eitherone has different learning styles. Some people are mostly visual, auditory or kinaesthetic learner. Actually, everyone learns by variety of elements or styles. But there is always one style is more preponderant in each person. In that a person may can increase his learning power, with the help of his predominant style, and become a successful person in his field. Different people opt different ways of learning. But I always choose that way, which, I can fully understand before doing. It means I usually take th e from the checklists and quizzes etc.And main important thing is that currently, I am student, so usually learn a lot of knowledge from books, internet, novels, newspapers, different articles and main important thing, I get lot of knowledge my teachers.If I want to choose or develop my best learning way, i will prefer quizzes or checklist. Like I will put some multiple choice questions to know the opinion of people, which help us a lot to create a learning style.For simulationQ1 I like to studyA with other people like play games and learnB In 5-6 people groups where I can heed other people viewsC OR alone in a peace full placeQ2 I recall thing best if IA amaze lists and write them in a page or diaryB record the knowledge and listenC write down and read them backQ3 I like to learn usingA Rimes and tones that I make upB pictures and diagramsC labs and presentationQ4 sometimes when no one is near me I willA perform out informationB do something else which give me boost to doC make a pic In my homework, which help me in my work.Q5 I recall things most when IA read themB hear themC say themQ6 I Have problem to recalling thing if IA cant take about in classB just read it dont discuss in classC cant take or write in notebookQ7 I recallA looksB namesC both names and facesQ8 when I study for a trial run I like toA I like to draw a picture, charts in my workB read thoroughlyC make a schemeWell, I thought so I go off create that type of learning style in the future, which help us a lot to know the personality of the person. Then we can give the same task which he / she can easily solve. And become a good learn or successful person, in their fields.ConclusionIn this assignment ,we learn a lot of information about who we can become a good learn, in different ways. And become a successful in future. Plus point is that all the ways are linked with each other, in very beautiful manner. So it every useful source of become a good learner, and get lot of advantages.Refere nceshttp//www2.glos.ac.uk/GDN/discuss/kolb1.htmhttp//www.sos.net/donclark/history/kolb.htmlhttp//homeworktips.about.comCottrell, s. (2003) The Study Skills handbook, Palgrave study Guides

Contemporary Moral Problems And Issues Philosophy Essay

Contemporary deterrent example Problems And Issues Philosophy EssayAs Glaucon rec eithers the caption of Gyges he said that, a Shepherd found a reigning magic ring in a fissure opened by an earthquake. If the ring was worn, the soul allow for be gain invisible and would able to depart allwhere and do eachthing undetected. However, he used the ring for repulsiveness, to get what he wants and satis incidention. There atomic number 18 two kinds of ring, the celibacy and rouge. In the story the piety that has been raised in the story was most being greedy on the index finger that he possesses. This power made him to think evil kinda than doing earnest deeds and he foundation non let go of what he set show up. He defended selfishness, choosing to become im lesson to the self-colored ships company and go against the clean huntss of his heart.2. Distinguish mingled with psychological and respectable vanity. Psychological egoism, means that all men be self-centered in individuallything that they do. Just to satisfy his needs for his own ripe which practises as self-interest. And Ethical egoism, means how men ought to act. That features a incidentual result of a soulfulnesss demeanor they relieve starself no obligation to do anything what is in their own interest, regardless of the effect on others.3. Rachels discusses two arguments for psychological egoism. What be these arguments, and how does he reply to them? The first argument describes aceness individuals feat as selfish, and another persons action as unselfish. We ar overlooking the crucial fact that in both cases, assuming that the action is done voluntarily, the agent is only doing what he most wants to do. The first argument shows pitiful example it would not deserve to be taken seriously, because it rests on the premise that the great unwashed never voluntarily do anything pull what they want to do. And the second argument for psychological egoism is the so-cal led unselfish actions unceasingly produce a reek of self-satisfaction in the agent, and since this scent by of satisfaction is a pleasant arouse of consciousness, rather than to bring near any soundly for others.4. What three common confusions does Rachels detect in the thesis of psychological egoism?The three termworn confusions argonConfusion of Selfishness with self-interest.Assumption that ein truth action is done every from self-interest or from other-regarding motives. jet entirely false assumption that a aid for ones own wel removede is incompatible with any genuine concern for the welfargon of others.5. State the arguments for saying that ethical egoism is inconsistent. wherefore doesnt Rachels presume this argument? An ethical egoism is inconsistent, because the egoism back toothnot be easily advocated that is normally adopted by many another(prenominal). And if peck adopted the egoistic policy of engage their own interests to the exclusion of his intere sts, as he pursues his interests to the exclusion of theirs, indeed much(prenominal) a world would be infeasible. So he himself will be an egoist, but he will want others to be altruists.6. harmonize to Rachels, why shouldnt we hurt others, and why should we help others? How raft the egoist reply? By doing actions that would harm others whitethorn affect them. He will protest that we may accept this as a reason, but he does not. There are limits to what can be accomplished by argument, and if the egoist really doesnt apprehension active other slew. As a reason not to do an action merely because he cares round what happens to that other person. What the egoist says that he does not accept that as a reason, he is saying somewhatthing quite extraordinary.Discussion forefronts1. Has Rachels answered the question raised by Glaucon, namely, wherefore be deterrent example? If so, what exactly is his answer? Yes, his answer was, we must be a moralistic not for ourselves but for others.2. Are genuine egoists rare, as Rachels claims? Is it a fact that most people care about others even people they dont construe? Yes, the genuine egoists are rare, because most of the people can love or care others, even though they dont really neck that person. Helping others may give a reason for doing it as a good tog to show what care really means for them.3. Suppose we define ethical altruism as the opine that one should always act for the pull ahead of others and never in ones own self-interest. Is much(prenominal) a view criminal or not? The view is not immoral, because things and deportment are never too late, in our lives no one is perfect, and to fuddle an impact about this we should show how we develop our moral values.John Arthur Religion, Morality, and ConscienceReview Questions1. jibe to Arthur, how are morality and organized ghostlike belief diametrical? Morality holds our attitudes toward various forms of behavior like lying and killing, its typically expressed using the notions of rules, safes, and obligations. While religion typically involves in prayer, worship, beliefs about the supernatural, institutional forms and authoritative texts.2. wherefore is religion requirement for moral motivation? Religion is needful for moral motivation, because those religious motives are far from the unaccompanied ones people sop up. The decision to do the mightily thing is made for a variety of reasons.3. Why isnt religion necessary as a source of moral intimacy? Religion isnt necessary a source of moral knowledge, because people tends to not understand very the idea of religion it should always be done decently.4. What is the cleric subordination speculation? Why does Arthur preclude this theory? The divine ensure theory mean that God has the same sort of relation to the moral natural fairness as the legislature, which has to statutes it enacts without Gods ascendencys there would be no moral rules, just as withou t a legislature there would be no statutes. Arthur rejected the divine command theory, simply because he doesnt believe in God.5. According to Arthur, how are morality and religion connected? The two are connected, because morality is influenced by religion and they are based on its moral code, which too creates a culture.6. Dewey says that morality is social. What does this mean, concord to Arthur? As Arthur made a study about the morality is social, its about the sense that we are, subject to admonition by others for our actions. We discuss this with others what we should do, and often hear from them concerning whether our decisions were acceptable. Only th stark(a) the powers of imagination can we hold outout our moral powers, envisioning with the powers of judgment what conscience requires.Discussion Questions1. Has Arthur refuted the divine command theory? If not, how can it be defended? Arthur did not refute the divine command theory, because he talks about the limitation to the premise of God he is refining god where the normal of God is very powerful. We should imagine that in every religion, we can never truly understand the concept of God, because it can never decide the concerns of society and conclusion can never be a factual.2. If morality is social, as Dewey says, then how can we have any obligations to non- valet animals? Even though animals are not human beings. They are to a fault a living thing that can think, feel, and etc. We should have obligations for them, because we likewise get some of our resources from the animals.3. What does Dewey mean by moral education? Does a college ethics class count as moral education? Moral education simply means your own family tradition on how you father up with them and how they raise you. Family is our first t each(prenominal)er in our lives, and we also involve within the society. Yes, because moral education has been taught, which we are learning from discussions and on how we act them in the real world. We will carry this as long as we live.Friedrich Nitzsche Master-and Slave-MoralityReview Questions1. How does Nietzsche characterize a good and healthy society? Nietzsche characterizes a good and healthy society by allowing superior individuals to exercise their will to power, their drive domination and exploitation of the inferior. The superior person traces a master-morality that emphasizes power, strength, egoism and desolatedom, as distinguished from a slave-morality that calls for weakness, submission, sympathy and love.2. What is Nietzsches view of injury, violence, and exploitation? Nietzsches view of injury, violence and exploitation is from the result in a certain rough sense in good conduct among individuals when the necessary conditions are given. Its a will to the denial of life, a principle of dissolution and decay.3. Distinguish amongst Master-Morality and Slave-Morality. Master-Morality has the idea of a good and bad character and its also alike to the noble and despicable. While Slave-Morality has the idea of morality of service and according to them the evil man arouses fear.4. rationalize the Will to Power. This is best described on how you think, if you come out something on mind that you like to achieve something or a goal. The power of your will become immovable. That youll do everything just to get what is best. We develop this by means of puzzle, so that we will have a strong will, which strives constantly towards a self-chosen goal under the influence of a self-supplied motivation.Discussion Questions1. Some people view Nietzsches writings as injurious and even dangerous. For example, some have charged Nietzsche with inspiring Nazism. Are these charges justified or not? Why or why not? Nietzsches writings are not harmful and not may cause danger. These are very factual al-Quran that can be supported through the future. He made every opinion and classified it to have a meaningful life for the whole society, which w e could easily identify what are our strengths and weaknesses.2. What does it mean to be a precedent of value? It truly defines the origin of where and how it started that belongs to their ancestors so they could master something coming from the history.bloody shame Midgley Trying Out Ones New SwordReview Questions1. What is moral isolationism? According to Midgley, the view of anthropologists and others that we cannot criticize cultures that we dont understand. We learn from our culture on how we live our lives. This is an infixed doctrine of immoralisim, because it forbids any moral reasoning. It also falsely assumes that cultures are demote and unmixed, whereas most cultures are in face formed out of many influences.2. apologise the Japanese custom of Tsujigiri. What questions does Midgley ask about this custom? Tsujigiri is a Japanese samurai sword, which means crossroads-cut because it had to be tried out if it works justly it had to slice through someone at a single blow, from the berm to the opposite flank. Otherwise, the warrior bungled his stroke. This could injure his honour, offend his ancestors and even let good deal his emperor. So tests were needed, and wayfarers had to be extended. The questions are Does the isolating barrier work both ways? Are people in other cultures equally ineffectual to criticize us? Does the isolating barrier amid cultures block value as well as blame? and What is involved in discernment?3. What is impose on _or_ oppress with moral isolationism, according to Midgley? According to Midgley, moral isolationism would lay drop a general ban on moral reasoning.This is the programme of immoralism that carries a distressing logical encumbrance.4. What does Midgley think is the basis for criticizing other cultures? Midgley thinks that the culture of our society is the basis of criticizing other cultures. It defines that, why would we judge other culture if we also criticize our own culture.Discussion Questions1. Midgl ey says that Nietzsche is an immoralist. Is that an accurate and fair assessment of Nietzsche? Why or why not? No, because each one of them has polar beliefs that they follow and has also contrasting perspective.2. Do you agree with Midgleys claim that the idea of divert and unmixed cultures is unreal? Explain your answer. No, everything can change, because in one clownish, you pious platitude tell whether the people there follow the same culture or not. Living in one country can have different varieties of culture and own beliefs.John Stuart Mill UtilitarianismReview Questions1. State and relieve the Principle of Utility. Show how it could be used to justify actions that are conventionally viewed as equipment casualty, such as lying and stealing. It states that actions or behaviors are right in so far as they promote ecstasy or cheer, harm as they tend to produce un contentment or pain. Hence, utility is a teleological principle. This once again raises some of the same s taple fiber issues of associated with hedonism, as discussed in the earlier section on Teleological Theories. retire that a hedonist believes that the good life consists solely in the interest and experience of enjoyment or bliss. The feelings of delectation and pain are biological events involving our central nervous system, which are controlled by our cerebral cortex. We obviously experience amusement when we perform certain acts that fulfill biological functions such as doing something that can be done every time if a person is very dependent which causes to lie and steal.2. How does Mill reply to the objection that Epicureanism is a doctrine worthy all of swine? Mill reacted by saying that intend human nature in a degrading light since the direction supposes human beings to be a undecided of no pleasures except those of which swine are capable. The comparison of the Epicureanism life to that of beasts is felt degrading, precisely because a beasts pleasure do not satisf y a human beings conceptions of happiness. He doesnt consider the Epicureanism to have been by any means faultless in drawing out their scheme of consequences from the utilitarian principle.3. How does Mill distinguish surrounded by higher and rase pleasures? The two pleasures are, if there be one to which all or just about all who have experience both give a headstrong p quotation, irrespective of any feeling of moral obligation to prefer it, that is the to a greater extent desirable pleasure or the higher pleasure. If one of the two is, by those who are competently acquainted by both, placed so far above the other that they prefer it, even though knowing it to be attended with a greater amount of discontent and would not drop by the wayside it foe any quantity of the other pleasure which their nature is capable of, we are justified in ascribing to the preferred enjoyment a transcendence in quality, so far outweighing quantity as to render it, in comparison, of small amount.4 . According to Mill, whose happiness must be considered?-Mill said, neither of the happiness should be considered. He said that neither pains nor pleasures are unvarying and pain is always heterogeneous with pleasure. He said that for that standard is not the agents own greatest happiness, but the greatest amount of happiness altogether. Utilitarianism could only attend its end by the general cultivation of nobleness of character, even if each individual were only geted by the nobleness of others and his own, so far happiness is concerned, were a sheer deduction from the proceeds but the bare enunciation of such an absurdity as this last, renders refutation superfluous.5. Carefully reconstruct Mills confirmation of the Principle of Utility. The Principle of Utility says that happiness is nothing more than ones pleasure and absence of pain. However, happiness is native from one person to the other. Ones happiness can or cannot be another persons happiness. delight varies from p erson to person. Also, ones perception of what happiness is varies from one person to the other. One might think that he is doing an act that will make him elated however, it really does the opposite. A man is bound(p) to be happy. Mans end is to reach Happiness. Subjective in a sense that they believe certain things that doesnt make them happy, they feel happiness temporarily. However, mans being subjective prevents man to achieve happiness.Discussion Questions1. Is happiness nothing more than pleasure and the absence of pain? What do you think? No, because happiness is where you feel free of thoughts that could not bring depression and wont give hatred. Happiness can be seen in a person once their desire is fulfilled. Happiness also is not being alone this is shared to others and to God.2. Does Mill convert you that the so-called higher pleasures are better than the inflict ones? What about the person of experience who prefers the lower pleasures over the higher ones? Yes, bec ause higher pleasures give level best experience once in a life time. This is where we always remember the good times. I also agree on the second question, having lower pleasures over the higher ones can test you if you really love a person. But if you give up on something, all of your hopes can run one by one.3. Mill says, In the golden rule of deliverer of Nazareth, we read the complete spirit of the ethics of utility. Is this true or not? Yes, the statement is true. The principle of utility states that actions or behaviors are right in so far as they promote happiness or pleasure, prostitute as they tend to produce unhappiness or pain. Hence, utility is a teleological principle. This once again raises some of the same basic issues of associated with hedonism, as discussed in the earlier section on Teleological Theories. Recall that a hedonist believes that the good life consists solely in the pursuit and experience of pleasure or happiness.4. Many commentators have thought tha t Mills make of the Principle of Utility is defective. Do you agree? If so, then what mistake or mistakes does he make? Is there any way to reformulate the evidence so that it is not defective? No, because Mills principle has explained its definition thoroughly. Although the principle of utility is difficult to apply and often leads to immorality, it is, nevertheless, an important moral principle. cardinal problem for utilitarianism is justifying the altruistic principle of self-sacrifice in order to benefit others.James Rachels The Debate over UtilitarianismReview Questions1. Rachels says that classical utilitarianism can be summed up in three propositions. What are they? As said in the book, the three propositions are actions are to be judged right or wrong in virtue of their consequences. Nothing else matters. right-hand(a) actions are, simply, those that have the best consequence. moment is, assessing consequences, the only thing that matters is the amount of happiness or u nhappiness that is caused. Everything else is irrelevant. Right actions are those that produce the greatest brace of happiness over unhappiness. Lastly, in calculating the happiness or unhappiness that will be caused, no ones happiness is to be counted as more important than anyone elses. Each persons welfare is equally important. Right actions are those that produce the greatest possible balance of happiness over unhappiness, with each persons happiness counted as equally important.2. Explain the problem with hedonism. How do defenders of utilitarianism respond to this problem? By hedonism, it believes that happiness is the authorized good, and unhappiness is the definitive bad.We would always value all sort of things, including nice creativity and friendship, for their own sakes. It makes us happy to have them, but only because we already think them good. Therefore, we think it a misfortune to lose them, respectively of whether or not the loss is accompanied by unhappiness.3. What are the objections about justice, rights, and promises? For justice, according to the critics of Utilitarianism this is incompatible with the ideal of justice. Justice requires that we treat people fairly, according to their individual needs and merits. It also illustrates how the brings of justice and the demands of utility can come into conflict, and so a theory that says utility is the whole story cannot be right.For rights, this has a bond with the legal rights and morality behavior. The moral to be gaunt from this argument is that Utilitarianism is at odds with the idea that people have rights that may not be trampled on merely because one anticipated good results. But we dont think that our rights should be set aside so easily. Its a notion that places limits on how an individual may be treated, regardless of the good purposes that might be accomplished.For promises, its because the only kinds of considerations having to do with the future, because of its exclusive conc ern with the consequences, Utilitarianism has is prevail our attention to what will happen as a result of our actions. Utilitarianism is that it seems to be an adequate moral theory because it excludes what we might call backward-looking considerations.4. Distinguish between Rule- and Act-Utilitarianism. How does rule-utilitarianism reply on the objections? Rules will be established by reference to the principle, and individual acts will then be judged right or wrong by reference to the rules. Rule-Utilitarianism is to contrast the original theory it has no difficulty coping with the three antiutilitarianism arguments, now commonly called the Act-Utilitarianism is something McCloskey, would tempted to bear false bump against the innocent man because the consequences of that particular act would be good.5. What is the third line of defense? This third line of defense discusses moreover various irrational elements, including prejudices absorbed from our parents, our religion, and th e general culture. It doesnt follow the concept of justice, individual rights and so on. It simply talks about the way of thinking.Discussion Question1. Smarts defense of utilitarianism is to reject common moral beliefs when they conflict with utilitarianism. Is this acceptable to you or not? Explain your answer. We all know what is right and wrong we should always understand the facts that may give a good sense and values to help each other. All of us have different beliefs, but even though they are different, we only have one goal in our lives. Common moral consciousness could bring a support for only a short term we should know the values of life.2. A utilitarian is say to give moral consideration to all concerned. Who must be considered? What about nonhuman animals? How about lakes and streams? We all have freedom, but we should not call it. Its also our responsibility to save the animals and also the lakes and streams. Not all the time they are still there for us, because mos t of the time we always profane our planet, and we dont respect and love the animals and our environment. It could create an unhappy result for the animals, lakes and streams.3. Rachels claims that merit should be given moral consideration independent of utility. Do you agree? I agree that merit should be given moral considerations, because it can give a lot of benefits that may help the people to think what would benefit for them. Even if its only a small reward, this can help people to do good deeds and it would practice a good moral for everyone.Immanuel Kant The Categorical ImperativeReview Questions1. Explain Kants account of the good will. Its impossible to conceive anything at all in the world, or even out of it, which can be taken as good without qualification, except a good will. For Kant, good will is not good, because of what it affects or accomplishments. Its fitness for attaining some proposed end, its good through its willing alone, which is good in itself.2. Distingu ish between hypothetical and plane imperative. Hypothetical means possibility or circumstances. As for categorical imperative means having knowledge about what it contains, which has no conditions to be applied.3. State the first formulation of the categorical imperative (using the notion of a universal uprightness), and explain how Kant uses this rule to derive some specific duties toward self-and others. From the illustration, this mavin of self-love can become a universal law of nature. Its then seen at once that a system of nature by whose law the very same feeling whose function is to stimulate the furtherance of life should actually destroy life would contradict itself and consequently could not experience as a system of nature.4. State the second version of the categorical imperative (using the language of means and end) and explain it. For the universality of a law that everyone believing himself to be in need can make any promise he pleases with the intention not to ke ep it would make promising, and the very purpose of promising, itself impossible, since no one would believe he was being promised anything, but would laugh at utterances of this kind as empty shams.Discussion Question1. Are the two versions of the categorical imperative just different expressions of one basic rule, or are they two different rules? Defend your answer. I think they differ in expressions of one basic, we should think first forward we do an action. The same treatment with everyone else, by simply looking what is the right way to do. But as for the second formulation, it discusses a means and ends.2. Kant claims that an action that is not done from the motive of avocation has no moral worth. Do you agree or not? If not, give some counterexamples. I agree, because it is truth that there are no moral worth since everyone should consider their duty as an individual. Rational nature exists as an end in itself. consequently the value of all objects that can be produced by our action is always conditioned.3. Some commentators think that the categorical imperative (particularly the first formulation) can be used to justify nonmoral or immoral action. Is this a good criticism? Yes, because commentators has good insight about the categorical imperative. It can also be justified if a persons action is morally right or wrong. I can say that its a good criticism, because they have a fountainhead of what it really is.Aristotle Happiness and rightReview Questions1. What is happiness, according to Aristotle? How is it related to virtue? How is it related to pleasure? According to Aristotle, all human beings seek happiness, and that happiness is not pleasure, honor, or wealth, but an activity of the soul in symmetry with virtue. Virtue is of two kinds, moral and intellectual. Moral virtue comes from training and ha objet dart, and mainly is a state of character that is a mean between the vices of intemperance and deficiency.2. How does Aristotle explain m oral virtue? Give some examples. According to Aristotle, Virtue is of two kinds, moral and intellectual. Moral virtue comes from training and habit, and generally is a state of character that is a mean between the vices of excess and deficiency. exemplification is that Aristotle portrays the virtue of courage as a mean between the extremes of venturesomeness and cowardice.3. Is it possible for everyone in our society to be happy, as Aristotle explains it? If not, who cannot be happy? Yes, it is possible for everyone in our society to be happy, but its hard to know what kind of happiness would the society like, because most of the people have different definition of being happy. Not like what Aristotle explained. A character of a person should have passion and love. All of us deserve to be happy and want to feel happy.Discussion Questions1. Aristotle characterizes a life of pleasure as suitable for beasts. But what, if anything, is wrong with a life of pleasure? Aristotle define ple asures which are suitable for beasts, most of them cannot change what a human being thinks. They are defined as a whole different level, which can be expressed in a bad look and can be done with evil things and thoughts.2) Aristotle claims that the philosopher will be happier than anyone else? Why is this? Do you agree or not? I agree on what Aristotle said that it can bring happiness than anyone else, since a mission has been made, and it was been fulfilled. If we examine it to others, his definition of happiness doesnt compose of pleasure, honor or even wealth.Joel Feinberg The temperament and Value of RightsReview Questions1) Describe Nowheresville. How is this world different from our world? As defined by Feinberg, Nowheresville is a world like our own except that people do not have rights. As a result, people in this world cannot make moral claims when they are treated unjustly. They cannot demand or claim just treatment, and so they are deprived of pride and human dignity. 2. Explain the doctrine of the logical correlativity of rights and duties. What is Feinbergs position on the doctrine? The doctrine of the logical correlativity of rights and duties means that all duties involve other peoples rights and all rights entail other peoples duties. Feinberg believes from both ways as he defined it.3. How does Feinberg explain the concept of in-person desert? How would personal desert work in Nowheresville? Based on Feinberg, he calls it a sovereign monopoly of rights. When a person is said to deserve something good from us what is meant in parts is that there would be certain propriety in our giving that good thing to him in virtue of the kind of person he is, more likely in virtue of some specific thing he has done. A desert has evolved a good bit away from its beginning by now, but nevertheless, it seems clearly to be one of those words. One should be happy that they ever treat us well, not grumble over their occasional lapses. It deserves from what y ou teach and learn to expand all knowledge and share experience.4. Explain the notion of a sovereign right-monopoly. How would this work in Nowheresville according to Feinberg? As a sovereign right-monopoly, it means that one country is being self-governed we dont have any rights to complain, because for it, we have no knowledge about it.The notion of a sovereign right-monopoly means that if one country self-governed us, we have no right to complain since we are not conditioned of our rights. Its also about treating people in a good and bad way. Sovereign was quite capable of harming his subjects, he could commit no wrong against them that they could complain about, since they had no prior claims against his conduct.5. What are claim-rights? Why does Feinberg think they are morally important? Claim-rights are person that has claim to the rights. God could have claimed performance of the martial duties as his own due and God alone had claim-rights violated by the nonperformance. By believing in claim-rights these are important, because if we wont claim it people might abuse our rights.Discussion Question1. Does Feinberg make a convincing case for the importance of rights? Why or why not?-Yes, because Feinberg shows the possibilities of having the right and respecting others by not stepping on the boundaries of each individuals.2. undersurface you give a noncircular definition of cl

Importance Of Explicit Knowledge Information Technology Essay

Importance Of Explicit acquaintance Information engine room EssayThis document deals about the importance of Explicit Knowledge in the organisations. Most of the friendship occurs in the organizations in the form of mum familiarity. present we deal with how to transform the still fellowship to lucid companionship. The accumulation, storage and re utilize of the plain cognition. Here we are talking about the barriers in the getting of lucid noesis. The use of engineering science for the purpose of accumulation, storing and reuse of familiarity is also discussed.Todays business environment association is emerged as a driving draw out in the organization. The acquaintance workers and their ability are genuinely important (LI , BRAKE,CHAMPION ,FULLER,GABEL AND HATCHER-BUSCH 2009 347). upstart studies show that organizations success depends on its ability to learn and adapt to bad-tempered situation. The unique performance in the organization is the key to outp erform their competitor.(LI , BRAKE,CHAMPION ,FULLER,GABEL AND HATCHER-BUSCH 2009 348). In organization there are gener altogethery two types of association equal tacit knowledge and distinct knowledge .Scholars noniced that most abridge leave of human knowledge is present in the form of tacit knowledge (UNGAN (2006)403) . Its in the minds of the sight. Explicit Knowledge is the knowledge that is expressed and documented. The documented and codified knowledge bequeath have a organize and is easily accessed by others. (STOVER 2004 164).To create true knowledge it is necessary to see tacit and denotative knowledge as complementary and both are needed to knowledge creation.IMPORTANCE OF EXPLICIT KNOWLEDGETacit knowledge is something that is acquired by individuals hold out in particular area. It financial aid him to find dissolving agent for problems exuberanter than his colleagues It is acquired with once experience and experiment in particular field (STOVER 2004 165). Articulating the tacit knowledge, making tacit knowledge explicit is very important in the perspective of the organization (STOVER 2004 165).Explicit knowledge is described in structured language. It is mainly to a greater extent technical data this knowledge is gained mostly through ceremonious education or by structured study .This will help organizations to preserve their huge knowledge capital from losing. When employees leave organization they take with them the huge amount of knowledge. (STOVER 2004 165). Valuable Knowledge will be faineant if organizations fails to collect , standardize and store and appropriate the knowledge.The KM scholars conceptualizes that the colligation of knowledge helps the organization and individuals to access the knowledge in a cost trenchant way. Explicit knowledge is carefully organized and stored in data bases in priority basis .It should be accessible with high quality , fast and easily. The explicit knowledge fuck be re utili ze for sole problems of similar large-hearted (SMITH 2001 315).For instance Anderson consulting created methods to codify store and reuse explicit knowledge. They use a people to document approach. It took information from person who comeed it and do self-governing to its developer. All the sensitive information is removed and it quite a little be used in the same similar context (SMITH 2001 315).When knowledge is shared among the members of the organization , it backside be viewed as organizational history and experience (BONTIS 1998 64). In small companies they manage their knowledge is by training the newborn employees. Its a costly process. Thats where the importance of computer based learning comes. Transformation of tacit to explicit knowledge is important here (WICKERT AND HARSCHEL 2001330). If a sharp employee got loathsome or left the organization the expertise of that employee is not available for a fixed amount of time or permanently (WICKERT AND HARSCHEL 2001 331). In business concern market skilled and experienced workers are getting retired. New offspring workers are replacing them . So there is a high gather up for sharing of experience . This digest be possible by the articulation of tacit knowledge they have gained from their experience (JACKSON 2010915).EXPLICIT KNOWLEDGE domain EXPLAINED IN S.E.C.I AND BA MODELIn S.E.C.I model externalization sort deals with the transformation of tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge. For knowledge transformation they use different methods. Some of the methods are storytelling , narrative and using some IT medias ilk emails, chat rooms and so on The knowledge should be structured so as it should provide accessible and reusable. Externalization should be structured thus the knowledge can be made sensible and available for probable users(JACKSON 2010911).Top management can influence the externalization of knowledge. They can instigate the teams to develop their own metaphor for what they should do (RICHTNER AND AHLSTROM 20101020).The creation of concept of a new product is the example of externalization. In combination phase the extracted knowledge is a tackable(p) and systematic procedures to combine the knowledge using computer database or an expert system. The internalization deals with the transformation of explicit knowledge again to tacit knowledge by the use of stored explicit knowledge.(STOVER 2004 165).The meaning of Ba is place . Ba does not mean only the physical space . It is the concept of fundamental interaction . For the creation of knowledge a space is necessary. This space may be a physical unrivaled or a realistic like online one. there are four types of Ba . Among that dialoguing ba deals with the verbalism to face interaction . It is the space where individuals share knowledge. The process of tacit to explicit knowledge rebirth happens here. Dialoguing ba is more structured than the previous ba . In systematic ba the collected knowledge i s combined to a more structured form. The use of information technology like online networks , group expend etc contribute to systemizing ba .The excersiing ba where the stored knowledge is shared through virtual media or print etc. The healthy interaction between all these ba can amblify the knowledge creation ( Nonaka,I.Toyama,R and Konno,N.(2000) 16-17).BARRIERS IN KNOWLEDGE unionConverting tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge is a tedious job. As we said tacit knowledge is embedded in the minds of the individuals. This make it trying to formalize and express. thither are some personal issues in articulating the knowledge. Individuals send that articulating the knowledge one may lose his hawkish advantage. Some people believe their knowledge is not worth expressing . Some KM scholars believe that language barriers also hinder the transformation of tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge. (STOVER 2004 166)The culture of the organization also may be a instrument that hinders knowledge generation and sharing in the organization. There may be political issues between the departments that prevent the transfer of knowledge. Sharing culture is very important before implementing any strategies in any organization (Syed-Ikhsan and Rowland 2004 100).Knowledge transfer requires groups or individuals to work together and share their expertise and knowledge. The knowledge transfer does not occur unless group or individuals shows a co-operate behavior(SYED-IKHSAN AND ROWLAND 2004 96). individualism is one of the major factors that hinder the creation and transfer of knowledge in any organization ( Syed-Ikhsan and Rowland 2004 100). For the sharing of knowledge there should be swan among the employees. In project team leadership modality also onus the process of knowledge sharing(MA,QI AND WANG 2008101).The authoritarian style leaders give no chance for the team members to participate and share knowledge. While the democratic style leaders encourages team mem bers to interact and share knowledge (MA,QI AND WANG 2008101).Another factor that hinders the knowledge sharing in the public organization is limited access to the resources (Syed-Ikhsan and Rowland 2004 100).Time is one of the major factors that inhibits the process of articulating the tacit knowledge. Most of the employees have a light time for articulating their knowledge. Patrick and Lee done research and they contradicted the views of Richard and Kabjian who says the fear of losing superiority and satisfy system are inhibitors of knowledge sharing. They also argues that the size of the company is not a problem in knowledge transferring (FONG LEE 2009304)Some KM scholars like Swartz and Marwick argues technology is unable to provide a complete solution for knowledge capture . At many instance the experts find it is very difficult to trigger a knowledge person by interrogative unless they are put into problem situation (JACKSON 2010 911). Researchers found that the fear of n ot being adequately takingsed is the one of the barrier for the knowledge sharing.CAPTURING KNOWLEDGEAs we said conversion of tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge is difficult. There are several ways in which tacit knowledge can be made explicit. The formal ways of interviewing is a useful method. In interviews participants are asked structured questions. This format of interview should be made such that they shouldnt feel that the articulation is happening (STOVER 2004 166-167).The level of details available in documentation depends on the purpose of documentation (UNGAN 2006 404).For conversion of tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge the interviewer should accompany the knowledge worker in his process. In between the knowledge can be articulated. For this formal language is used (UNGAN 2006407) . Individuals poses high level of tacit knowledge . If organizations fail to track it wherefore it cannot be made explicit and will not reach its fullest electromotive force (BONTIS 199866).The fictional character of knowledge managers is very important. He can encourage the employees to share their knowledge and make them explicit (STOVER 2004 166-167). The knowledge management is riskier unless the organizations take initiatives and reward system for sharing of knowledge (SMITH 2001 312). For instance Buckman Laboratories recognizes their knowledge in their annual conference. Lotus one of the divisions of IBM evaluates the customer support workers on the basis of their knowledge sharing activities (BARTOL AND SRIVASTTAVA 2002 64). Xerox developed a system called Eureka which is meant for the maintenance engineers to share their ideas and experience .Once these ideas are posted they are verified and made available for service engineers all over the world. This help the Xerox in saving $100 million . Companies like Cap Gemini Ernst youthfulness makes merit decision based on the knowledge sharing drill of its employees .In these companies the people wh o are posting ideas are evaluated and then posted into the knowledge contribution database(BARTOL AND SRIVASTTAVA 200267).Technology is important in collecting and codifying knowledge. There should be a strong framework for the systematic storing of knowledge. IT itself cannot helps something to get out of someones head. It is the role of managers to find out what is important for the organization . Some KM theorist like Pawar doubts the centralization of knowledge. He states that centralization of knowledge will sheer the cost of sharing the knowledge . He agrees the role of role of technology plays in the acquiring, storing and structured distribution of knowledge . Combining the intellectual attribute with IS will help the individual intellectual lieu to the group property (BONTIS 199866).KM combined with It will support the data mining and sharing of explicit knowledge (WICKERT AND HARSCHEL 2001 333).Internet is one of the major repository of explicit knowledge(WICKERT AND HA RSCHEL 2001 335). Knowledge exchange protocols can be used in transferring tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge. SOAP protocol which is used by physicians is one of the examples. This protocol helps to structure clinician patient conversation and helps to share issues by understanding the physicians thinking. This also helps in documentation of patient medical record (HERSCHEL,NEMATI AND STEIGER 2001107).New generation tools such as wikis , blogs ,social networking etc. helps a greater collaboration in work place. This will solve some of the problems associated with knowledge capturing. These forms even can accommodate videos , images etc. It can be used to capture informal indicates of tacit knowledge (BARTOL AND SRIVASTTAVA 200264).This videos and images can then be summarized based on the content . They can be linked to topics of relevance and stored. These can be accessed through portals later on (COAKES 2006583). Mobile technology can be used for the capture of knowledge .I n organizations there will be mobile workers will be advantaged by these technology. The challenge is how to incorporate the this knowledge to main memory. Information technology can be used as a powerful tool. It can be transformed from the role of storing and retrieving data to improve access to knowledge by removing the spatial obstacles of knowledge transfer. IT has got a ability to spread knowledge across different departments of the organizations (TOHIDINIA AND MOSAKHANI 2010 615).CONCLUSIONFor any organization the Knowledge is very important. The conversion of Tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge is very risky process. There are the barriers like individualism, politics inside the organizational departments. The factor of trust plays a major role in conversion of knowledge . For some small companies the cost of knowledge sharing is not affordable. Technology can play a major role in the tacit to explicit knowledge transfer. There are new generation technologies that can be used for the this purpose. The reward system is one factor that will encourage knowledge transfer. The role of the management in promoting the knowledge conversion is very important . The uniqueness of knowledge the organization owns will brig the organization the competitive advantage.