Investigation of Food Poisoning Outbreak

Investigation of Food Poisoning OutbreakChristian NehmeINTRODUCTIONAn probe of a nourishment poisoning outbreak requires some knowledge into what solid aliment poisoning is and some special K culprit bacteria which trigger such outbreaks. Food poisoning, too known as alimentborne unwellness, is the name for the pad of illnesses caused by finishing or drinking contaminated fare or drink. Food poisoning occurs in two principal(prenominal) ways poisoning by toxic agent or by infective agent. Food intoxication is when the food contains toxins, usu tout ensembley occurring when the organism that produced the toxin is no longer present or open to cause infection. Food infection, on the separate hand, is when the food contains bacteria which infect the body afterward it is eaten. Foodborne illness is quite common, affecting almost 5.5 million Australians each year.Two common food poisoning create bacteria atomic number 18 B.cereus vs S. aureus. barn species are Gram despoti c, aerobic heterotrophs, with the ability to form resistant spore coats.Do they deliver similar symptoms, toxins?cases in Australia.Description of ScenarioAs a special treat paid for by the Department of health and Aging, 435 pensioners were taken on a catered summers day harbour cruise. posterior that day, a way out of the participants became very ill.The food was prepared on shore and brought onto the boat that day, The boat go away aviator Quay at around 10am and cruised around Sydney Harbour past Watsons Bay, into Darling Harbour and disembarking at Circular Quay at 3pm.. The water was rather calm and there was a medium breeze.Local hospitals and ambulances were mobilized to respond to the outbreak. It likewise came to the attention of the local PHU and their personnel were able to retrieve some remnant food and patient specimens from the stab and hospitals.Questionnaires were distributed to the guest list once this was obtained by the local PHU and the NSW Food Authorit y. Of the questionnaires sent out, 339 were returned providing the following information.SymptomsOf the total number who were sick, 153 suffered severe diarrhoea 139 stinkered 122 experienced abdominal cramps 117 said that they felt nauseous 11 complained of numbness in the arms and legs and 3 developed haematuria. Thankfully no deaths were recorded as a consequence of this outbreak. inform details on illness, and what was eaten and non eaten were compiled into Food Attack Tables.RESULTS matter of individuals who attended the cruise435Number of questionnaires returned339Number of individuals who suffered diarrhea 153Number of individuals who suffered vomiting 139Number of individuals who suffered abdominal cramps 122Number of individuals who suffered nausea 117Number of individuals who suffered numbness in arms / legs 139Number of individuals who suffered haematuria 139Number of deaths 0The incubation arrests of the sick individuals (number of cases) are displayed in framing 1. The food- circumstantial attack arranges for foods thought to be implicated are shown in Table 1.Figure 1 Epidemic curve presenting incubation periods of sick pensioners aboard the harbour cruise. Results obtained from responses to a questionnaire. Onset measure turn out as two distinct peaks, one occurring between 2-3 hours and the other between 6-15 hours, after consuming lunch. info CalculatedPercentage morbidity (219 x 100) / 339 = 64.6%Percentage mortality (0 x 100) / 339= 0.0%Percentage case extremity rate (0 x 100) / 219= 0.0%Average incubation period = 9.9 HoursTable 1 Food-specific Attack rates use data from questionnaire and other calculations including the odds Ratio, Chi squared and Confidence legal separation for each food fount.Odds Ratio An odds ratio great than 1 indicates a higher run a risk of becoming risk on eating that particular food type. In Table 1 above, all meats have an odds ratio less than 1, and only sift pud with Custard has an odds ratio gr eater than 1.Confidence Interval the Odds Ratio is within a 95% trustfulness level if the CI does non let in 1. From Table 1, junction Lamb is the only food not within a 95% corporate trust level, whilst the 3 other food types are within a 95% confidence level.Chi-SquaredHo = the unhealthiness is not a result of any of the food consumedH1 = the indisposition is a result of any of the food consumedWhen the P-Value is less than 0.05 (non-signifi groundworkt), the null venture evict be rejected. Since the P-Value is less than 0.05 for the Chicken, Ham sieve pud, the null hypothesis can be rejected, indicating that the case of the sickness was due to the consumption of either one of, or a combination of these foods. Since the P-Value of the guy Lamb is oft greater than 0.05, the null hypothesis cannot be rejected, signifying that the consumption of the Roast Lamb was most probably not a cause of the sickness.% Ill (Attack Rate) this is a measurement of correlation of the pe rcentage of passengers who got sick and the total number who ate or did not eat a specific type of food. The correlation for Rice pud was the one to stand out, where only 20% of the passengers who did not eat rice pudding actually reported that they got sick. This is dramatically less than the other food types, which were above 60% each. Also, Rice Pudding had the highest attack rate of 57.8%.Flowchart of Experiment Food Swabs Cooks wind up Swab Faecal SwabResults of ExperimentDISCUSSIONAs evident from Figure 1, the number of cases are spread out from 2-21 hours after consuming lunch. There are 2 distinct peaks, occurring at 2-3 and 6-15 hours after consuming lunch. At this stage, a pathogen can possibly be the causative agent as it has shown to present such symptoms on passing from the Upper Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) to the Lower GIT(Kho et al. 2011). These peaks can be cogitate with vomiting and diarrhoea, respectively. Of the commonly known pathogens, Bacillus cereus, a spo re-forming pathogen, causes two distinct forms of foodborne nucleuss an emetic syndrome (vomiting-typified by an incubation period of 16 hours) and a diarrheal illness typified by an incubation period of 624 hours (Benenson AS, ed).Table 1 yields useful results which play a critical role in identifying the trigger organism for the outbreak. The attack rate for people who ate the different food types was the highest for Rice Pudding Custard (57.8%), although the other food types were closely behind, Roast Lamb be the closest at 56%. This is not bounteous information to be able to conclude the causative food type since the attack rate only ranges by 7%. This close range could be due to the fact that these food types were consumed in varying combinations, which makes it difficult to pinpoint the exact, single food at fault. This attack rate, however, can be have with the attack rate of the pensioners who did not eat a particular food type, giving a clearer compute as to what the causative food source was. Rice Pudding Custard, having the lowest attack rate at just 20%, suggests that if it were not eaten, the chance of becoming ill is heavily less compared to the nearest food type, Roast Lamb, with an attack rate of 62.2%. This, combined with the high attack rate of pensioners who ate the Rice Pudding Custard, signals it to be the culprit source of pathogens.The odds ratio of Rice Pudding Custard, being 5.47, is significantly greater than other food types (which are all less than 1), suggesting that the risk of becoming ill upon consumption is 5.47 times greater than if Rice Pudding werent consumed. Furthermore, since the P-Value is less than 0.05 for the Chicken, Ham Rice Pudding, the null hypothesis can be rejected (that the sickness is not a result of any of the food consumed). This indicates that the case of the sickness was due to the consumption of either one of, or a combination of these foods. Since the P-Value of the Roast Lamb is much greater t han 0.05, the null hypothesis cannot be rejected, signifying that the consumption of the Roast Lamb was most probably not a cause of the outbreak. However, the Confidence Interval for Rice Pudding Custard lies within a 95% confidence level, except supporting the claim that the Rice Pudding Custard was the causative food source.Knowing the possible food source which triggered the outbreak, and having an idea that the causative organism behind the outbreak was B. cereus (due to the two peaks correlating to the typical symptoms), research laboratory investigations were then conducted to conclude what the exact organism was. The first test conducted was inoculating each food seek onto a PEMBA plate. The results varied as to the PEMBA count (cfu/g), possibly due to experimental error. However, Rice Pudding had the highest self-consistent overall count, with 8.5 x106 and 7.9 x 106 cfu/g. The colonies that grew on the PEMBA plates for the Chicken, Ham and Roast Lamb were small, yellow colonies, measuring approximately 1-2mm each, indicating the adventure of Gram Positive Cocci. The Rice Pudding, however, displayed large (4-5mm), matt blue colonies with a halo of precipitate. The PEMBA isolate for the Rice Pudding were Gram Positive Rods, occurring in chains with an oval central spore. The lipid granule test was positive and catalase positive, with motile cells. Since none of the other food types PEMBA isolates showed GPR, no further testing was conducted on Chicken, Ham and Roast Lamb.Salmonella, Enterococcus and Shigella may have been possible pathogenic causing bacteria which contributed to the outbreak. In order to overstep or support this possibility, a Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD) plate was used. Faecal swabs of the sick pensioners who had eaten a particular food type were inoculated onto the XLD media. The only differentiating outcome was the appearance of the colonies of the faecal sample from people who consumed the Rice Pudding Custard, were sli ghtly big than those for the other food types. No definitive conclusion can be made from this. Faecal swabs were overly plated on PEMBA plates and inoculated into the XLD media. The PEMBA plates displayed small, yellow Gram Positive Cocci colonies for the Chicken, Ham Roast Lamb specimens. The Rice Pudding Custard however, displayed large, Gram Positive Rods, which appeared as large, blue, matte colonies when sub-cultured onto the PEMBA plates. This further supports the finding that B.cereus was the causative organism.The next step is to eliminate any possibility that the pathogen Staphylococci spp had any part to play, or to confirm that it did. To do this, the Cooks nose swab was inoculated on Blood nutrient nutrient agar (BA) to stablish haemolysis and on Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA), as a selective mechanism for salt-tolerant microorganisms such as Staphylococcus or Enterococcus. After testing, small, round, flat, hemolytic white colonies were seen on the Blood Agar, with the BA Isolate being Gram Positive Cocci, occurring in clusters and being catalase positive. Although this suggests the possible carriage of a Staphylococci species, the MSA plate rendered small, white colonies with pink agar throughout. The pink agar confirms that the Mannitol was not fermented, which is an indicator that no Staphylococci species was present. Further proof for the non-existence of S.aureus was seen with the Latex test displaying no clumping.In order to confirm that B.cereus was the causative organism for the outbreak, further tests were conducted. These include gelatin positive, starch positive, casein negative, nitrate positive (no gas formed). The sample tested positive for Glucose VP. This means that glucose was broken down by the Rice Pudding specimen to form acetoin, and was evident through the dark red colour formed. B.cereus tested negative for the indole test, meaning it was unable to split indole from tryptophan (Wong, Chang Fan 1988). All these test result s correspond with the presence of B. cereus and at this point, we are more confident that this is the causative organism. To test for purity, and to confirm that no other specimen influenced these results, a BHIA purity test was performed, which resulted with a pure result, meaning the listed test results were solely caused by the Rice Pudding Custard specimen.Through the results of the media growth and the results of the confirmatory tests conducted, it was determined that the causative food source was the Rice Pudding Custard, which contained a strain of B.cereus. This resulted through the Cook not cooking the Rice at the warning temperature, and since the temperature used was hot enough to trigger the B.cereus to enter their vegetative state, but was not high enough to kill the B.cereus, this resulted in the widespread growth of the specimen. Accompanied with the fact that the rice was prepared the night onward and the warmer environment in which the rice was kept for the per iod of time overnight were suitable conditions and promoted its growth, further accounts for the growth of B.cereus (Jesen et al. 2003).Outbreaks such as this could be avoided, and at least minimised if some precautions were taken by all those involved with the handling, making and consuming of foods. The following list outlines some main ways through which this can be achieved (Klietmann, W, 2002)Storage of hot food above 600C and cold food in the fridge down the stairs 40CKeeping cooked and raw(a) food separated at all times, to avoid cross-contaminationUsing separate chopping boards and utensils for raw and cooked foodsImproving hygienics such as washing hands before and after contact with foodUtilising a heat process to destroy the vegetative cells and a rapid cooling process to stop the spores from germinatingUsing appropriate cleaning and disinfection of contact surfaces of food, such as sodium hypochlorite based disinfectantsKeep frigid foods frozen until usedCooked foods which wont be consumed within an hour should be kept at temperatures below 10C or above 50C (Roberts, T.A)Experimental MethodThe main source of primary data was obtained from the questionaries. The accuracy of the answers to the questions asked has a direct influence on the results obtained, and on the findings extracted from the questionaries. Thus, if the questionnaires are completed truely and in detail, the reliability of the results would increase and a higher potential in obtaining accurate leads as to which species were the triggers to the outbreak would be attained. However, out of the 435 pensioners who were on the cruise, only 339 questionnaires were completed and returned to the local PHU the NSW Food Authority. This leaves 96 unaccounted for pensioners, which would have aided and fastened the search for the possible trigger. These 96 absences could have been a result of the pensioners not wanting to give out personal information, not having an easy method of returning the questionnaires, and some pensioners may not have received the questionaries in the first place. This absence of 96 responses has a direct effect on the accuracy of the collected data from these questionnaires, as the data is only a sample of the population, and is not a complete reflection of all pensioners involved. Furthermore, more detailed questions could have been asked on the questionnaires which may have sped the process of identifying the relationship between the symptoms caused and the time of onset.Improvements with the data collection could have involved the collection of vomit and diarrhoea samples, which would have helped identify the pathogen early on in the investigation. API strips could have been used to aid in identifying the pathogen as fast as possible, as well as using advanced technological methods. test the venue of where the food was prepared further and analysing all possible contributions to the outbreak at the source by further investigating the cook, the staff involved, whether other foods were being prepared at the same time, the overall hygienics of the kitchen, pest related influences, and previous occurrences and whether any have occurred since. Continuous monitoring of all food zeal methods and staff involved since the occurrence will aid in preventing a reoccurrence. A stricter enforcement of an increased hygiene standard could be rolled out onto not only similar cruise companies, but also all kitchens and restaurants throughout Australia. The most feasible and economical method would be to allocate fortnightly swabs of the kitchen, staff, floors, equipment and food samples at all these food-related location, and be sent to relevant laboratories to be analysed and reported. A safety-tick program could be enforced which takes these results and businesses can display them, notifying customers that they conduct regular hygiene tests and have passed all tests, giving the customer append of mind that their chances of gettin g food poisoning is less likely.REFERENCESJenson, I Moir, C. J In Foodborne Micro-organisms of Public Health Significance. A. D. Hocking et al. (editor) 6th edition. AIFST (NSW Branch) Waterloo NSW 2003.SAA Australian Standard. Food Microbiology. Method 2.6 Examination for specific organisms AS 1766.2.6, pp. D8-D12, 1991.Benenson AS, ed. Control of communicable diseases in man. 15th ed. Washington, DC AmericanPublic Health Association, 19901778.Kho, M.F., Bellier, A., Balasubramani, V., Hu, Y., Hsu, W., Nielsen-LeRoux, C., McGillivray, S.M., Nizet, V. Aroian, R.V. 2011, The pore-forming protein Cry5B elicits the pathogenicity of Bacillus sp. against Caenorhabditis elegans, PLoS One, vol. 6, no. 12, p. e29122.Wong, H., Chang, M. Fan, J. 1988, Incidence and characterization of Bacillus cereus isolates contaminating dairy products, Applied and environmental microbiology, vol. 54, pp. 699-702.Jesen, G.B., Hansen, B.M., Eilenberg, J. Mahillon, J. 2003, The hidden lifestyles of Bacil lus ceresus and relatives, Environmental microbiology, vol. 5, pp. 631-40.Roberts, T. A. Baird-Parker, A. C. Tompkin, R. B. (1996). Characteristics of microbial pathogens. capital of the United Kingdom Blackie Academic Professional. p.24.Klietmann, W. and Ruoff, K. 2002. Bioterrorism Implications for the Clinical Microbiologist. Amer. Soc. Micro. 14(2)364-381.

South Africa World Cup 2010 Project Leadership

southwesterly Africa macrocosm instill 2010 Project LeadershipExecutive SummaryThis paper analyses the bedevil of the association footb either initiation form held in southwestward Africa in 2010 on behalf of FIFA. An introduction to the pop the question at upset is laid out to excuse the situation in which the foresee took nates. A unfavorable evaluation of the ejection is make, determining the facets that the political relation and organising filetee had to effectively deal with, what geek of lead names were implemented, how aggroup make progressed, the swan sprightliness unit of ammunition and the external factors influencing this communicate.Improvements argon recommended for some prognosiss of this foresee that could suck made the Soccer humanity form more successful than what it was deemed to hold up been. Some of these recommendations include go against police squad up building, more effective supplying, budgetary concerns and public relati on issues.The populace instill Opening Ceremony was a major success, followed by the first finis of the piece shape in the first game between southward Africa and Mexico. When Siphiwe Tshabalala, of conspiracy Africa, scored the first goal, sulfur Afri muckles deemed the interpret a success.Introduction to baptistery StudyFIFA (Federation Inter mattere de Footb tout ensemble Association) has interpreted it upon themselves to be the guardian of the game altogether oer the world, in either shape or form. According to FIFA knowledge domain shape (2010), their mission statement is, Develop the game, touch the world, build a better incoming. They do non merely focus on vie the game but rather they perk up to focus on every scenery that whitethorn repair the game and wholly(prenominal) that the game stands for. Rules, laws, players, develop the game and using this sport to contribute hope to pot all over the world, especially those less privileged than oppositewi ses. FIFA universe of discourse cup(2010) states that the creative activity cupful graduationed in 1930 in Uruguay and this inaugural humankind Cup was win by the host aggroup. There birth further been dickens propagation since the inauguration that the orb Cup was non hosted and that was during universe of discourse War II. atomic physique 16 Africa recently hosted the FIFA Soccer gentleman Cup. This is the roll that go forth be employ as a case cogitation as I am a sec Afri crumb citizen and am currently residing in the body politic. study that has been referred to on this plan has been experienced firsthand. This was the first quantify that the FIFA knowledge base Cup that was hosted by an African Country. The Soccer piece Cup was hosted in southeast Africa from June el unconstipatedth 2010 to July 11th 2010. 32 teams participated in the World Cup with the closing game macrocosmness played between Spain and Netherlands. Spain reigned victorious.It w as a major find out for South Africa, as although the region had previously hosted the cricket and rugby World Cups, it was the first beat that this example of World Cup was hosted in the sylvan and the event was made up of m any(prenominal) looks. Many realize shaping aspects indigenceed to be started from scratch. The project counselling was run by the governing body who recruited a mo of polar resources, companies, psychenel and task teams with the hope of making the project a success. Most bigly they assigned the role of project coordinator to Danny Jordaan. The beas that necessitate to be communicate include, amongst new(prenominal)s, stadium locution and improvements, airport facial expression and refurbishment, infrastructure and logistics, transportation, accommodation, policing and justice, immigration, finance and health. apiece of these projects ask to be successful in order for the event to be a success. This project consisted non only of these in ternal projects but was in like manner influenced by external factors such as the orbits image to the world, opinions of South Africa by opposite countries and contr developed agreements with FIFA. Therefore media and merchandising were besides part of the project.The success or failure of the project would meeting on the economy and universal well-being of the country for numerous eld to come even aft(prenominal) the event had taken military position. The project guidance team needed to tick off that the projects that were on a lower floortaken would score a positive end on the countrys operations even after the event had taken placement and concluded.Transportation and the creation of jobs could be highlighted as the nearly crucial aspects of the World Cup. These components atomic number 18 highlighted as crucial as their impact would be matte up most nonably once the event concluded on July 11th 2010. The construction of the stadiums was crucial as although m any rugby and cricket stadiums already existed in South Africa a lack of soccer stadiums was obvious.Transportation also needed to be improved as although the government matte up that roadstead were accept equal to(p) pre-World Cup with the inflow of heap from all over the world, roads and transportation systems needed to be improved. Highways were expanded and refurbished, additional buses were bought and coincidentally the construction of a nonher transportation project, the Gau-train, would be fast-tracked to be used for the World Cup.The derive that South Africa did grow was that the country was also selected to host the Confederations Soccer Cup during June 2009. The country was able to use this event as a causa of a trial run for the World Cup. The rapid bus transplant system was testifyed in Pretoria and errors or faults that extendred were able to be rectified before the World Cup the following year.The projects success go out be analysed in order to specialise t he factors of project direction that were used, the subdivisions of team building that are available and how the loss leadinghip aspects, styles or type of focusing could be changed to make improvements to the project.Critical EvaluationAccording to Kerzner (2009) project management and in turn project success can be delimitate as completing a project deep down the allocated clock frame, within budget, meeting a specified performance level, with as few changes to the oscillo stove as possible. Project management and team building go hand in hand when traffic with any type or any form of a project. This is because almost all projects, even when operating in a virtual environment, hold up people involved. When dealing with a project such as the Soccer World Cup, a third aspect fits into project management and team building just as critically. This aspect is public traffic. According to the Independent institute of education (2010) although public relations can be seen as its own concept away from project management, the people involved in the project need to be mindful of the standings with regards to public relations. With the World Cup being such a global event, with sold out stadiums and an estimation of over a billion people watching, what the media says, or what the world thinks exit be of critical importance to determine whether the project was gauged as a successful or failure.The master(prenominal) problems or orbits of improvement that the South African World Cup organizers had to deal with were construction, ticket sales, transportation and crime.According to Cooke Tate (2005) project management can be defined as a culmi democracy of knowledge, skills, expertise, systems and programs that ensure that the employ that is being done, by a team of people, is in fact die hards towards accomplishing the strategic goals of the constitution or fulfilling the aims of the project to which they have been assigned.Project management will nee d to bring together diametrical areas of an organization, or that of a number of contrastive organizations such as finance, administration, human resources, marketing or operations to work in unison to achieve the aims or goals. Project management has been veritable so that a single discussion section or person working(a) on a project has control and visibility over all the other departments to ensure that the project runs smoothly, for the Soccer World Cup 2010 that person was Danny Jordaan. The project manager will oversee all departments and actions to try and kindle a successful outcome.Project management is made up of many sections and sub headings that need to be considered. The following subjects need to be addressed when growth a project and have been summarized from Shtub Globerson , 2005.Communication guidelines and the hierarchy of leading need to be established. Lifecycle planning take to take place to delay which model would be best suited to your project. Im plementation and monitoring is the bordering area that needs to be addressed. When and how the project will be implemented and how this will be monitored to establish control. Then cost estimates and budgeting need to be developed and contingencies need to be established as to where the cost can exceed budgeted amounts and where cut backs could be implemented if needed. Variance is an aspect that all projects need to be aware of as nothing in flavour is trustworthy, external environments are constantly changing and a project needs to know where it can change and where there is no room to adjust. The project needs to have prepared for any expected changes that may affect their plans or any unexpected changes that could drastically impact the outcome of the project. An important and lowest aspect that many projects often forget to include is the closeout. In the case of the soccer World Cup in South Africa, the closeout will happen in varied stages but need to be included in the p lanning. The initial closeout occurs when FIFA approves the set out requirements, other close outs occur at the closing ceremony, and then when projects that were included in the World Cup preparations are complete, this may be months or even years after the final whistle had blown on the final game.All projects have a project life cycle and they can vary in length. A project lifecycle is typically made up of the following 5 stages, (Gray and Larson, 2006)Project Management can be divided into five moveProject charter outgrowthRequest for Proposal Development and subroutinePlanning Design Project team creations, Project kick-off Planning (Work partitioning Schedule), BudgetImplementation/monitoring/controlProject termination, hand-off to operations management.In the case of the soccer World Cup the project life cycle would have been spread out over a number of years, even before the World Cup was awarded to South Africa. The government had to tender a proposal to FIFA against o ther competing countries to be allowed to host the World Cup. Therefore the project life cycle would have started pre-2004. As dissimilar projects were started and came to an end, from distributively one would have had their own life cycle as well. Each project had to go through a tender process as well. An example of a tender used for Green Point stadium has been attached in accompaniment A.Different projects will also take on different life-cycle formations or models. The most commonly accepted of these models are the waterfall project lifecycle model, the agile project lifecycle model, the iterative model and the whorl project life cycle model. Each model has different strengths and weaknesses and so some models are better suited to different working environments.Each sub-project, underneath the main World Cup South Africa project, would have made use of different life-cycles.The World Cup would have to have implemented the Spiral project lifecycle model as Mall (2009) expl ains this model combines elements of design and prototyping-in-stages, in an causa to combine advantages of top down and bottom up concepts. This model can also be referred to as the spiral development model it is a systems development method. This model of development combines the features of the prototyping model and the waterfall model .The spiral model is intended for large, expensive and complicated projects. The World Cup was expensive, intricate, and took place all over South Africa. The stages of the project also overlapped and did not have to wait for the completion of one project to start the next. For example the building of the airports and stadiums were not contingent on the completion of the roads or other transport projects.The project was awarded to South Africa on the 15th of May 2004 and the start of the project began soon after merely some parts of the project are still busy being completed, even after the World Cup. Although the highways and roads were open to be used at full force during the World Cup, the construction of these roads and highways are still taking place today.In comparison to standard projects that organizations will take on, and the case study at hand, the soccer World Cup in South Africa, authoritative aspects of normal operations will differ quite substantially from this type of project. The teams that worked on the World Cup in South Africa were not working in a normal business environment. Their end product was not intending to gain a competitive advantage over other competitors in the same market. The products they were producing were not to be resold yet a profit needed to be made. The product could not become obsolete, however there was a deadline age, that of the first step ceremony. The deadline date however was not that of the opening ceremony because South Africa was dealing with FIFA, FIFA required that all stadiums or any structures or projects relating to the World Cup were completed a number of months in advance. As South Africa was in control of hosting the World Cup, they were also responsible of reporting to FIFA to ensure that the FIFA World Cup was a success. Stephen Blatter, the president of FIFA, was heavily involved in the operations taking place in South Africa and Danny Jordaan was the project coordinator for the Soccer World Cup.With regards to leadership styles, two main types of leadership styles generally exist, exacting or exclusive and democratic or inclusive. A democratic leader takes other singulars opinions and ideas into consideration before making the final decision. Danny Jordaans style of management can be seen to be democratic. His involvement with the World Cup showed that he had South Africas best interests at heart. He took into consideration other leaders opinions and advice and worked in close unison with Thabo Mbeki and Nelson Mandela when securing the tender bid to host the World Cup. Reports needed to be presented on hebdomadally and monthly bas is and he was the spokesman for interaction with the media in relation to World Cup activities. FIFA however are deemed to be autocratic. FIFA can be seen to be a franchise. Every quatern years a different country is elected to host the World Cup. FIFA has certain contractual requirements that each country needs to meet in order to be granted the privilege of hosting such a reputable event. Although South Africa could decide what the stadiums would like and how the upgrades would take place, FIFA required a certain number of stadiums to be erected or improved, for certain activities to take place and other similar requirements.The project management team needed to be compiled of a number of individuals with different areas of expertise. Although the project had a start and end date (11th June and 11th July), a budget and a scope as most projects do, the areas that this project needed to delve into were vast.The South African government had tendered to elevate the World Cup. In or der to successfully accomplish this, a number of facets needed to be improved, developed or started from scratch. These areas include, (Media Report, 2010), amongst othersInfrastructure stadiums needed to be built and renovated.Health Although no pandemics were forecast, they needed to be prepared.Transportation the highways needed to be improved, as well as public transport.Finance- a developing country would need to analyze budgets with high scrutiny.Technology- new fibre optic cables for televising the games worldwide.Electricity- Eskom had guaranteed power for all games, through the use of generators.Safety and Security afraid(predicate) attacks sent shocks throughout the world, this needed to be stepped up.Immigration- a new type of visa was created to allow access to more foreigners. Hooligans were banned.Accommodation availability and standards were a worry.Media and marketing- people needed to feel safe coming to South Africa.The South African Government identify the dramatic changes to transport logistics in South Africa as the legacy that would remain for years to come. The issues identified above are just a few examples of the projects that the overall project manager or project coordinator, Danny Jordaan, would need to have expertise on, and it would seem highly unlikely that one person would have this type of knowledge however general management could appoint a number of sub-project managers to oversee each department and report back to one project manager. Danny Jordaan might not have had the expertise in each sub-section of the project however he was able to employ other team shares to take control of those areas.Information taken from the Background Information on Government Preparations for the 2010 FIFA WORLD CUP (2010) shows a breakdown of each element that the government was dealing with. The government had weekly and monthly report sessions for each area of development.In order for a project to be successful the team that works on the project needs to be selected in a certain manner. Dr. Meredith Belbin defined a team role as A tendency to behave, contribute and have-to doe with with others in a particular way. He spent a number of years working on the theory closely teams.Dr. Meredith Belbin has written a number of books and one of his fundamental theories is based on team roles. The roles that individuals will fill when placed in a certain situation when laborious to achieve a certain goal. Individuals have different personalities and different strengths and weaknesses. Belbin initially believed that the success or failure of a project would rely on the intellectual levels of the team members. According to Belbin associates, (2010), he ran a simulation test at a university for over ten years to determine the thousand of his theory. The theory is that a teams success or failure is not reliant on intellect but rather on the balance of roles that each individual will assume when in a certain environment. This team roles can be divided into three sub-sections and then into 9 individual team roles. The three main sections are Action-oriented, People oriented and melodic theme oriented. Action-Oriented roles include Shaper, Implementer and spot-Finishers. People Oriented Roles include Coordinator, Team Worker and resourcefulness Investigator. Thought oriented roles include Plant, Monitor Evaluator and Specialist.Advantages and disadvantages that make up each team role need to be discussed and understood in order to create the most effective team for the project at work.According to Belbin Associates (2010) and Belbin himself, (1993) the different roles have different pros and cons. The shapers advantages include the drive to contest team members to improve, they are dynamic people, who are extroverted and who stimulate others. They also avoid complacency by introducing new attributes. Negative characteristics include that they are argumentative and are not sensitive to other peopl es feelings. The implementer is characterized by people that get things done, those who take ideas and turn them into actions. They are conservative, disciplined and work systematically. The disadvantages however are that they show inflexibility and resist any kind of change. Complete finishers have the advantageous characteristics that ensure that a project is completed with all the lesser details completed. They are focused on deadlines and can be seen as perfectionists. These characteristics lend themselves to worry unnecessarily and these individuals find it difficult to deputize tasks to others for the fear of losing control of the task at hand.Belbin also identifies advantages and disadvantages for the other roles too. The coordinator leads the team to achieve the goals and objectives that they perceive as realistic. They are excellent listeners, calm, good natured and are able to delegate tasks, however sometimes the coordinator delegates away too a lot authority and may b e seen to be manipulative. The team workers provide delay to the team and ensure that all the team workers are able to work together effectively. They are able to be flexible, diplomatic and perceptive. Their disadvantages have been identified as having tendency to be indecisive and do not commit to any major decisions. The resource investigators are innovative and curious. They explore other options available to them and handle negotiations. These team members may however be too optimistic and lose their enthusiasm for the team and their own roles rather quickly. The final three roles also each have advantages and disadvantages. The plant role is creative, flourishes on praise and invents new ideas or advances. The disadvantages however are that this team member finds criticism very hard to handle or accept, they are draw in and prefer to work alone. Their discourse skills are poor and often repel restrictions or restraints that they are given over. The monitor evaluators str engths include that they are ideal at analysing and evaluating other team members ideas, they are successfully able to weigh up pros and cons of different possible investments, and are critical thinkers. Their drawbacks are that they can be detached and unemotional they are poor motivators for their team members and wait to answer to events rather than instigate them. Finally the ninth role, the specialist, that was added on later by Belbin include advantages of that they pride themselves on their skills and abilities, they are focused on their maestro status and are an expert in a certain area of knowledge. Their disadvantages include that they may limit their contribution purely to what they consider themselves to be expert in and may lead the team to become pre-occupied with technicalities and small detail rather than the overall plan.In relation to the World Cup information on which techniques were used for team building are not readily available, however it has been assumed t hat Belbins theory was used when selecting the teams that were brought together for this project. Each team involved with the project would need a careful balance of the team members in order to be successful. A key element of team building is the stages of team development as developed by Tuckman (1977) Forming, Norming, Storming, Performing and finally Adjourning. Each individual team that is part of the World Cup development project needed time to adjust to each stage to team development. It is clear that the construction teams on site had not properly adjusted to team development as they coordinators of these projects had to deal with strikes and agitation at many of the stadiums.The projects where the absolute majority of teams were based, transport and infrastructure is what the world watched most with regards to development projects, it is here where nation branding took place. The way in which South Africa wanted to portray itself was largely reliant on what was reported in the media and in the news. Strikes, delays and xenophobic attacks were in the news for a large majority of the time leading up to the world cup. Due to this the branding of the country was portrayed in negative lighting for a lot of the time that should in fact have been used for positive and encouraging reporting. The influx of foreign tourists to South Africa missed the original goal by a large number. Due to many of these factors the income to the country was much less than the intake and much less than what was expected. According to an article in the Telegraph, South Africa made a return of just 323m on the 3bn it spent.In culture to the critical reflection the sustainability that FIFA brought to South Africa for the World Cup was not incorporated into the countries national strategy and therefore many of the strides that the country made during the World Cup were quickly eliminated when the final whistle was blown.RecommendationsThe specific details of the areas of which pr oject management, project leadership or team building activities used during the World Cup were not readily accessible. Therefore the overall outcomes of the world cup and which practices should have been more heavily included can be deduced. Although information about the World Cup as a whole was available the little projects techniques and tools were not made available to the public.In critical review of the World Cup one of the most unsuccessful areas of the project was the budget or cost aspect of the iron triangle. To illustrate the point, (Pedroncelli, 2010), Soccer City Stadium, which hosted the opening and closing ceremonies for the World Cup was completed at R1 billion over budget. Strikes at other stadiums such as Green Point, forced organisers to bring in negotiators for increases in salaries, and the lost time then forced the Government to enforce additional shifts at higher costs to finish on time as the completion deadlines were non-negotiable. Imports of construction materials ran over budget as the rand lost strength to other currencies and prices escalated higher than what the budget had predicted. Therefore although the scope and time were met, the cost was extraordinarily higher than predicted.This could be due to two reasons, either the budget was not well planned out and the estimates and actual costs were not realistic and not well researched or revised, or the variance of aspects discovered in the project was vast. It seems that the variance was the reason to censure for some of the over spending on the project. Poor planning could be blamed for this. Elements such as strikes or increases in costs of materials could have been realised beforehand and more concisely included in the budgetary stage of planning. A recommendation for future projects is to research and predict more accurately about future fluctuations, or to buy materials in bulge out at a known price so that variances do not occur at a later stage.A number of projects were not completed on time which can be viewed as differentiate as other projects managed to finish ahead of schedule. A recommendation for future projects of this nature is to learn from other projects which developed similar end products and were produced under similar circumstances. Green Point Stadium organizers could look at the development techniques used by the project co-ordinators of the Soccer City Stadium. Work breakdown schedules and organisational breakdown schedules should have been more precise and shared amongst projects with similar outlines. Managers in control of stadiums or projects that ran over budget or over time should take note of the way in which projects were punish which ended on time, on budget and had no scope creep. It is clear that as the sub-projects of the World Cup were each significant in their own right therefore each project was governed by different managers or by different planning committees. Some stadiums were handed over to FIFA ahead of sche dule and other projects such as the construction and refurbishment of highways are still being completed after the event has ended.It is a recommendation that the tenders for the construction or refurbishments should have been sent out earlier. The tender, as attached in Appendix A, shows that although a very thorough and positive process was followed, it was only started in 2006, 2 years after the World Cup project was given to South Africa. If more time had been given to the constructors and those parties, the costs involved may have escalated less. The teams may have had more time to formThe leadership style of FIFA cannot be changed. They are a corporate body that acts as a franchise in relation to the World Cup. They have a formula that works and they expect participating nations to follow this plan. This autocratic style is suitable to the environment in which FIFA operates. Danny Jordaans leadership style and approach to the World Cup was successful. Nelson Mandela said, when South Africa was awarded the privilege of hosting the World Cup that, South Africans should spread over this decision with humility and without arrogance because we are, after all, equal. Danny Jordaan focused on pitch South Africans together. From the construction workers on the roads and in the stadiums to fans to corporate CEOs backing different projects, all parties felt part of the World Cup, because the country felt proud to host the World Cup as one nation not separate races.The final recommendations that would be made however includeBetter planning for variance conditions. These conditions include working environments and severance, stability of the Rand against currencies or then bulk buying.Earlier tender dates for highway construction.Improved communication with the media for a positive reflection of the host nation.Incorporating FIFA changes into the national strategy in order to retain the positives.Increased time for team development on different projects. If proje cts were tendered and started earlier, strikes and delays may have been less severe.Ensuring the project coordinator is democratic or inclusive when dealing with a force as strong as FIFA in its autocratic behaviour or tendencies.ConclusionIn conclusion the Soccer World Cup hosted by South Africa, on behalf of FIFA, in 2010 was a successful project. As indicated in the recommendations a number of improvements could be put forth that could have eliminated some of the problems that the Government and other parties experienced.A focus on public relations should have been highlighted. The xenophobic attacks prior to the World Cup should have been better handled by the Government to put down the negative image that is portrayed of the country.Communications between the sub-projects could have been better established so that problems experienced on one site could be avoided on another.The leadership styles fared by the parties involved were well executed and appropriate. FIFA is a corp orate organization that operates as a franchise when dealing with the World Cup. Their style therefore needs to be autocratic. They need the country which is hosting the World Cup to fulfill certain goals and expectations. Danny Jordaan, the project coordinator, executed a democratic or inclusive style of management which worked well in the environment in which he was operating. He was able to successfully execute the project, although over budget, by incorporating all South Africans into the buildup of the World Cup.Budgetary problems experienced by the organizing committee could have been overcome through better planning and better time management. Tenders and start dates of the projects could have been brought forward to an early date, relieving the tensions of deadlines and fluctuate prices. If the start dates had also been brought forward it may have allowed teams more time to go through the development stages of forming, norming, storming and performing. The construction of th e highways may also have been completed to a better schedule.To summarise one moment of the World Cup that truly showed the success of such a tournament being hosted in Africa for the first time was when South Africas striker, Siphiwe Tshabalala, scored the first goal of the tournament. The country celebrated as one, and brought the African spirit alive.

Society of the Spectacle and War Photography

Society of the Spectacle and struggle PhotographyDiscuss contemporary struggle snapy in likeness to Debords exit on the Society of the Spectacle.Society of the Spectacle written by cat-o-nine-tails Debord and published in 1967 at the height of the Vietnam struggle argues that the world has been overtaken by the nonion of spectacle. Debord describes what the spectacle comprises of (in several numbered paragraphs) he says that, In societies dominated by innovative conditions of production, bearing is pre directed as an immense accumulation of spectacles. Everything that was directly blisteringd has receded into a theatrical per produceance. (1) Debord is stating that life in the raw age has become fixated on genuinelyity as re familiariseation (i.e. by the media) real life experiences kick in been substituted for experiences that ar digitally lived. Debord goes on to say that the spectacle presents itself simultaneously as inn, itself as part of society, and as means of unification. As part of society, it is the focal point of all stack and all consciousness. But due to the very fact that this sector is separate, it is in reality the domain of delusion and false consciousness the unification it achieves is vigor but an official language of universal separationthe spectacle is non a collection of images it is a social relation between commonwealth talk terms by images. (3-4) With the rise of new media and the explosion of 24-hour intelligence service and reality television, it would search that the followence of the spectacle becomes self-evident. Mass amounts of human existences be directed to gaze at what has become a global common culture, news and entertainment.For Debord, the spectacle is a light beam of pacification and depoliticization it is a permanent Opium war designed to force people to equate goods with commodities and to equate satisf put through with a survival that expands jibe to its feature laws the spectacle distra cts from the roughly urgent task of real life. (44) Debord argues, our sense of reality is vigor more than than an immense accumulation of spectacles. All that was once lived becomes perfect representation . Debords theory of the sectacle is similar to that of Baudrillards theories which concentrate on the ideas of a hyperreality. He considered a fool a sort to be a replacement for the real object. The lines of reality and non-reality wipe extinct become so blurred in our society that a photograph can replace the real. Like Debord Baudrillards believed we live in a liaise reality, which prefers the symbol of reality earlier than the thing itself.We atomic number 18 constantly bombarded with images form great deal media that our own lives are own reality becomes entwined with the images we discern. The boundary that should exist between reality and fantasy is erased. A consequence of the age we live in. Images turn ining the gruesome nature of war are constantly usable on television and in newspapers and magazines every page turned reveals a new atrocity. We have been flooded with these images for so long that they no interminable have an affect on us, instead on inspiring empathy and munificence we are more passive to them a feeling of indifference. In the quite a little media if there is a story about celebrities or life style it would defeat gruesome photographs of war.As a society weve nigh grown disposed to these types of images, seeing them everyday. In an essay entitled Photographs of Agony John Berger as well argues that society has become repellent to images represent wo(e) saying that In the last year or so, it has become normal for certain mass circulation newspapers to publish war photographs which earlier would have been suppressed as being too shocking. One capability explain this development by inclination that these newspapers have to come to realise that a large section of their readers are straight aware of the hor rors of war and want to be shown the truth. Alternatively, one magnate argue that these newspapers believe that their readers have become inured to uncivilised images and so immediately compete in terms of ever more violent sensationalism. (ed Wells L, The Phtotgraphy Reader, chapter 27)Berger is questioning the effectiveness of the violent or shocking war photograph arguing that maybe the public have become immune to images of horror and the newspapers are competing to show ever more horrific images in order to gain pubic attention. We liveliness near us and see a world beyond our ascendance. Relying on advanced technologies to conduct war and to replicate it on film and TV has diminished our ability to come across between reality and entertainment, turning our experience of war into a mere spectacle.In regarding the disturb of others Susan Sontag Describes societies attraction to violent images Everyone knows that what slows down highway job going past a horrendous car cr ash is not only curiosity. It is also for many, the wish to see something gruesome there does depend to be a modern need fro the consumption of images of suffering. And this abundant supplement of imagery has dulled our senses and created a new syndrome of communal inaction, we look around us and see a world beyond our control, which is what Debord was descri hive awayg in society of the spectacle. In her early book On Photography Susan Sontag writes that War and picture taking now seen insperable (pg167) and as war evolves and continues so has the lensmans response to the effects of conflict.The big large-format cameras of the 19th century prevented the graduation exercise war photographers such as roger Fenton from capturing the action of combat instead their photographs concentrated on the by and bymath of the battlefields. With the technological nestle of cameras and not needing to haul darkroom equipment with them the first world war photographer could defecate blott or to combat and then during the 2nd world war the launching of the 35mm camera increased the intimacy of the cameras eye, enabling photographers to become part of the action, in a way the first exponents in the 19 century could neer have dreamed. During the Vietnam war photographs could now been seen within days of them being taken, the imperativeness making the images relevant and challenging the inevitability of war the masser was now feeling at something which is part of the present, and which carries over to the future. For a century and a half the camera has been witness to events that have shaped and shocked the world, capturing these images forever. We might now live in a world of multi channel television, 24-hour news coverage and instant his on the Internet, but it is the liquid image that provides the most powerful record of our history, good and bad. The still image bes to hold so much power over us, they last, television is passing and goes by quickly, picture t aking lasts, imprinted on paper and in the mind.War and the effects of warfare have always been explored throughout history in literature, poetry, art, film and picture taking. Before the first world war the depiction of battles by artists were often of soldiers and generals depicted as heroes, in their uniforms adorned with medals but during the first world war when artists were sent to the front line to record the scene, what they saw there defied their imagination. It soon became fall out that the traditional painting couldnt capture the full horror of warfare. The modernist painters began to look at the universal grimness of war, the harsh reality of the world and miscellaneous not what they saw but what they matte up. For example the artists Paul Nash who served as a solider, envisioned the battlefield in a painting titked Menin Road in 1919, what he depicted was the aftermath of war, a loose scene of an almost outsider world the surreal colours a purple patrician turn over the mutilated bare trees, bursts of smoke rising from the debris strewn ground and blue light filtering through the clouds completely empty apart from four lonely(a) figures in the background. Nash wanted rob warfare of its last shred of atmosphere and its last shine of glamour.Francisco Goyas serial of etchings Disasters of War depicts the horrors of the Napoleonic invasion of Spain in 1808 during which French soldiers brutally tortured the Spanish peasants and the Spanish responded with their own acts of cruelty. The piss were withdrawn and withheld from publication during Goyas lifetime beca ingestion of their controversial and disturbing qualities. Susan Sontag writes of Goyas etchings in Regarding the Pain of others, Goyas art seems a turning point in the history of moralistic feelings and of sorrow-as deep, as original, as demanding. With Goya a new standard for responsiveness to suffering enters art Goya was witness to these events during the war, but the etchings depict imagined scenes of the atrocities of violence where the lines between real events and imagined ones blur creating a unique reality that is complimentary yet straightforward from the historical realities of war. As the smasher is not lead to believe the images are exact reproduction of actual events the effect is one of a unbiased meditation on the terrifying potential that resides in all humans. The images dont say who the people are-the soldiers could be French or Spanish, the dead tortured bodies could be those of civilians or soldiers giving the viewer a more open indication bringing images to life in a way that plug into to individualized experience. Goyas images are constantly being revisited looking at Francis Bacon triptych Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion 1944 the twisted screaming distorted creatures depict mans inhumanity to man and capture the fear of the future mood after the second world war and still our mood today, bacon like Goya still has a hold over our imagination, for example the Chapman brothers reconstructed the Disasters of war in 1991 using miniature plastic figurines. Painting and sculpture are understandably viewed as interpretations of the effect and consequences of war, with photography the assumptions is that images are seen as a register they appear real, even when we know photographs can be faked and subject to the photographers view of events.In On Photography Susan Sontag wrote War and photography now seem inseparable. In On Photography Sontag explains what she saw as the sad separate of a society that lived at a more and more voyeuristic di military posture to the first hand experience of reality. In accordance with this Sontag describes the photographers whose in-person concern was apparently with finding out and understanding, were doing no more than fit the human thirst for sensation and driving this to extremes by ever more sensational images, until ultimately all feeling was lost. In the book The photograph as contemporary artdescribes the contemporary war photographer The use of medium-and large-format cameras (as opposed to 35mm format), not normally seen at the sites of war and human disaster-not at least, since the mid-nineteenth century-has become a sign that a new breed of photographer is framing the social world in a measured and reflective manner She goes on to sayThe subject matter has been different, too kinda than being caught up in the midst of an event, or at close quarters to individual pain and suffering, photogrphers choose to represent what is left nates in the wake of such tradegies, often doing so with style that propses aqualifying pperspective. It is egest to Contemporary war photographers have in the main taken anti-reportage stance slowing down image making, remaining out of the hub of action, and arriving after the crucial moment to allow the viewer a more contemplative look at war and the effects of war.Using Photomontage Martha Rosler infiltrates our comfort zones and reveals the dangers involved in an illusionary distance often created by the mass media between war and ourselves. By using images from magazines of advertisements combined with military images of soldiers and weaponry she transforms the notion of the guard of a home into one under assault. Her intent is to project the flagellum and atrocity of war into the comfortable place in which we live. She employs devices that work against the seduction of advertising and consumer imagery, the process of photomontage allows her to expose the gaps between image and reality, and ultimately grant the viewer aware of an out of place presence. She addresses the impact of the mass media who according to Debord profess the images of horror seem mundane and remote by pointing out the implicit presence of militarism in our daily lives, by juxtaposing popular lifestyle magazine images with stark images of war.The French Photographer Sophie Ristelhuber Photo graphs depicts the aftermath of war they are usually un peopled with no survivors and no dead, concentrating on the spaces of war rather than its participants, the scars and burns are found on buildings and landscapes rather then the people. Her photographs of the Kuwaiti desert, entitled Fait were made shortly after the end of the first disjunction War. Many of the photographs from this series were taken from a ariel viewpoint This elevated fish creates a distorted abstract view of trenches, tank tracts, bomb craters, blazing oil wells and battlefield detritus. You have to look carefully and nearly at the photographs to discover that the lines and tracts objects engulfed by the sand are the results of war scarring the landscape emphasising how vast and sprawling the effects of war can be. Sophie Ristelhueber describes the effects of shield and perspective in her work.The constant shift between the incessantly big and the infinitely small may disorientate the spectator. But it s a good illustration of our relationship with the world We have at our disposition modern techniques for seeing everything, apprehending everything, yet in fact we see nothing. Ristelhueber tardily won the Deutsch Borse Photography prize 2010, which included set of images titled football team blowups, a series of images of huge craters made by bombs In capital of Lebanon and Iraq, again the y describes the devastation war leaves behind both on the earth and the body.Paul Seawright photographs the traces of destruction that war leaves behind in a place The solitary places in Seawrights photographs seem to be concealing something they deal the viewer to look beneath the surface of the image the disjunct severe areas reveal hollows where mines have been cleared or left unexploded, or the insidious rubble of military debris strewn across the desert landscape. The quiet tint and blankness of the desert distances them from the spectacle associated with the medias representation of war, there is an unknown tension in the images Seawright generates a view of the futility of war. One of his photographs is almost identical to that of Fentons photograph of the Crimean war depicting empty cannon balls in a valley illustrating the fact that patronage its technological advancements war is fundamentally always the same. In his book privy Seawright says that he has always been fascinated by the invisible, the unseen, the subject that doesnt easily present itself to the camera.Landlands And toll were commissioned in 2002 by the imperial war museum to make an artwork in response to a two-week visit to Afghanistan and what they experienced there. Landlands and bells work characteristically focuses on the interconnected relationships linking people and architecture. They say were totally meet by architecture. It is the most tangible record of the way we live because it describes how we relate to socially, culturally and politically. It is the most persistent of the way we live-our aspirations and beliefs.The result was among other television receiver based works The House of Bin pixilated. Presented as an interactive part similar to a video peppy the viewer is in control via a joystick to explore a reconstruction of Osama Bin ladeneds barren hilltop bunker. The viewer can virtually travel through a bleak set of derelict houses, surrounded by burnt-out cars and debris. Langlands and Bell took thousands of photographs of the house near Jalalabad, The eerie interactive digital exploration of Osama bin Ladens house offers an unsettling experience, and engages with the viewer in a totally new way regarding war photography. The houses surprisingly small and basic. Piles of blankets and clothes are strewn in the rooms elsewhere a single string bed is isolated in a dark corner. Outside there is a series of strangely constructed bunkers and a small mosque. Being in control of looking at the work almost feels like observing a evil scene. The building s and grounds are absent of any human presence impression signs of people who were once there are constant, although the elusive bin Laden is nowhere to be seen, his presence can still be felt in this mesmerizing and ancient environment. It brings us disturbingly close to him, even as it emphasizes his continuing ability to evade capture. The House of Bin Laden becomes a metaphor for the elusive presence Bin Laden maintains by the very fact of his disappearance.By presenting this piece as an interactive game like simulation Langlands and Bell are actively engaging in the idea of the spectacle by using what is essentially and entertainment based media and allowing the viewer to control their viewer using a joystick, it could be argued that by combing entertainment and unreality with real life situations speaks more to a genesis obsessed with mass media. They do not attempt to make the 3d environments look realistic like the photographs they took instead it looks constructed exactl y as a ready reckoner game would look, angular and flat. I personally experienced this work when I saw the Turner Prize in 2004, and it is clear that their intent was for this piece to be viewed and experienced like a computer game. risky warfare is sold as entertainment in the form of computer games whose manufactures claim to make them as realistic as possible. Thus reflecting modern societies engagement with entertainment as opposed to real life issues. in that respect seems to be a move in contemporary war photography to a more contemplative and abstract approach, maybe this is as Debord describes because we are use to the violence and horrors the spectacle of war presented in the media, and have become almost immune and unmoved by these images. we can never experience the admittedly horrors of war unless from first hand experience but photographers seem now to be taking the stance of the modernist painters of the first world war who painted what they felt rather than what t hey saw. Contemporary photographers are interpreting these events rather than documenting them, in a way that enables the viewer a more contemplative approach to the contemporary war photograph.

Three categories to Aging

Three categories to Aging1. Introduction What is come on(a)? What is ripening? in that location be three categories for ripened adults ages, young old, old old and oldest old (Papalia et al., 2009). Young old is suggested as the age from 65 to 74 old old is suggested as the age from 75 to 84 whereas oldest old is suggested as the age of 85 and the above. senescence is a natural dish up in which it can be described in two dimensions. primary coil maturation is the gradual, inevitable process of ageing. It is call back forful. It occurs by mover ofout years even with efforts/ engineering science which argon used to back up to slow the ageing process down. The supplementary maturation is avoidable, as it results from disease, abuse. For instance, having a healthy lifestyle dexterity divine service to reduce the risks of entering secondary ageing or delay the entering.In a rapid development lodgeliness like Hong Kong, mass search to avoid talking whatever agin g and overtake ageing as a prejudicious process rather than a natural process. at that placefore, agism becomes unitary of the amicable problems in Hong Kong. Traxler has given the definition that if a somebody or a theme of passel who ar subordinated be perplex of the age by any means (e.g. action, attitude or by an institution) it would be class as ageism. Ageing situation in Hong KongAccording to the U.S. Census Bureau, internationalist Database, the Hong Kong nation pyramids 2010 has predicted that the dominant age group would be the 45-49 year-old the great unwashed in which it would be close to 400 000 among the whole tribe in Hong Kong. The club of separate age groups, 40-44 and 50-54 would be inter intensifyable and close to the 45-49 group. By 2050, the star age group would be the 80+ where the female 80+ population would get close to 700 000 while other age groups would remain similar and stay under 300 000 (National Master, 2003). The longevity is one of the mathematical reasons of the alteration of the population pyramids with the enhancement on medical technologies, the better prevention or prediction of diseases, the higher standard of living and so on. Ageing is unavoidable and it is an inevitable process for life. Because of this reason, I believe it is important to visualise ageing in destinations of theories and from that to develop come-at-able solutions to equipage the problem or to smoothen the adaptation of the demographic changes in Hong Kong. ObjectivesThe objectives of this paper argon(1) To overview aging and ageism in terms of disparate theories,(2) To offer some possible solutions to promote positive images of ageing2. Theoretical Perspectives insularity TheoryThis is a psycho hearty concept to state that one-time(a) adults will gradually disengage in a familiarity (The Medical Dictionary, 2009). They atomic number 18 tell to be unruffled and being uninterested towards their possible servingicipation in the smart set. This surmise has slash towards ageism and has given people the negative point of view of aging. cause/ job related disengagementWhen ripened adults retire, the primarily disengagement is caused by their functions in society. Some of them stop working when they retire and are said to be non-functional towards the working field. Some would continue their work (part time or full time). However, some senior(a) adults that wish to continue their work unceasingly suffer in difficult job-seeking process. Employability for them seems to be low or let down in Hong Kong. It competency be possible that some of them pass water collect much experience and in return the current wages would non be satisfied for them. It would end up that retirement would become a transition for them with a reduction in their incomes. In contrast, some less(prenominal) educated cured adults expertness not be able to make do with younger jobseekers. Such two diverse reasons could use to explain wherefore the employability for fourth-year adults is low.Family relationship related disengagementOne of the reasons of the demographic changes would be the delay of marriage and it could possibly delay the life-transitions (Harper, 2004). For example, entering late adulthood later than the expected age, in that location are people confusing about the term middle age in which they believe that middle age could mean people that are 65+ in age (Papalia et al., 2009)) Because of that reason, thither is potential that older adults experience disengagement with their children who leave home.Alternatively, disengagement theory assumes that older adults hurl a tendency to get involve with people with similar ages forming a so called homogenous group (The Medical Dictionary, 2009). In my own point of view, I would believe that older adults are disengaging and from that new(a) engagement is fatalityed. While engaging with new people in which they are of similar ages with t he older adults, they create or re establish something that is meaningful or of value to them. There seems to be a contradiction between the assertion of the theory and its pessimistic explanation of ageing. In addition, there is withal censure for disengagement theory as it raises a negative point of view of ageing it tends to reinforce the stereotypes of older adults. For instances, older adults are useless, inactive, withdrawn, etc (Pal more(prenominal), 1999). Clinical FrameworksThese are represented by medical, biological and naturalist theories. The main emphasize would be that the physical changes on the older adults. The physical changes are referred in term of biological perspectives. The nature of the framework seems not to be focused on the sociological perspective. However, the frameworks highlight a present change or sometimes viewed as an issue by people the higher life expectancies. Dozois has say that the advancement of medicine have led to greater longevity. W hen people have noticed the change in proportion of older adults over the population in the last century, ageism is worsen (2006). People raise concerns and express that older adults are non-productive. Non-productive in this case claims that older adults consume a great deal of resources but in return they do not contribute toward what they have consumed. The large number of non-productive people cogency affect the society (mainly the stinting side) in which the enormous majority people would consider as a concern (Dozois, 2006)Relating such frameworks to Hong Kong, some people believe that the political relation would need to pay more attention to the aging society. As a result, the offbeat system in Hong Kong susceptibility experience a high contain situation in the coming next 10 years off while the Hong Kong population is ever-changing. Simultaneously, when Hong Kong is facing so many distinct scotch crises, the rapidly evolving economic relationships with China and other countries, ageing would serve as a factor that affects the Hong Kong economy. In the future, the government might need to profit tax rate when transaction with the large population of older adults who are eligible to applying the old age allowance (OAA) in Hong Kong as one of the social welfare goods. Consequently, the society might put forward a more negative image for the older adults in Hong Kong. It is like a circular causality to boost ageism. Activity TheoryIn my opinion, activeness theory is the opposite of the disengagement theory as it describe ageing in a much more positive viewpoint. It basically says that how a individual is being constructed in two major focused sources, (1) What they do and (2) The roles they have in their lives (Roy and Russel, 2005).Similar to disengagement theory, activity theory claimed that people give up or force to give up roles as they age. When they retire from work, when they lose their partners, drop out of professional, clubs, unions and so on. Those are the move that holding a person together as w whole. The fast changes cause by the retirement might become the cue of why older adults would reduce their sense of identity. According to the humanistic theory, there are two selves, the real(a) ego-importance and the ideal self (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2009). The actual self is referred as how people understand one person in which the person recognize himself or herself from his/her surrounding and some individualised perspectives. The ideal self is what the person wants himself or herself to be. The reduced sense of identity might be caused by the changing or losing of roles enlarge the discrepancy between the actual self and the ideal self. Roy and Russel suggest that activity theory should come to role that older adult should engage in activities (E.g. joining clubs or developing new hobbies). Older adults could develop new roles to substitute or counterchange those old and force-to-be-given-up role s. The theory has concluded the importance of late life activities in which to restore, maintain or enhance the fountainhead-being of the older adults (2005).Rather than pinpointing the negative impact of ageing like disengagement theory, the activity theory could be served as evidence on why there is a need to promote the community participation for older adults Exchange TheoryThe replacement theory simply states that people should end the relationship with another person if nothing can be gained or win overd from that person. This theory has shown its competitive point of view. The assumption of the theory is that people operate in differentiate to gain material or non-material rewards and also people would try to clasp the gained benefits (Moberg, 2001).There are many exchanges in which that could affect ones 3Ps (3Ps are referred as power, prestige and possessions). The 3Ps are the three element derived from the social stratification. kindly goods might not be concrete lik e material possessions, but also including other abstract items like psychological satisfaction and experiential frolic (Moberg, 2001).Older adults that could afford their own living could have relatives that would want to confide on them and putting the relatives or family in a dependent situation. Accordingly, those older adults seem to hap their personal power in which they could influence on others as well as controlling their own activities with their affordability such as financial wealth. They provide e.g. financial actualise to the relatives in return to keep their power.Older adults that could not provide valuable things to their family or relatives might gain completely little power at bottom or outside the family. As they lose the power because of being a lower class, when they retire, they would fix fulfilling the 3Ps as a hard process for them in which they are said to be oppressed because of social stratification. They would have nothing to exchange. Some hidden older adults in Hong Kong could well be a case of losing the 3Ps.3. affirmable Solutions to tackle the current situation Extend the retirement ages Providing chances according to the demographic changesThere is no statutory retirement age in Hong Kong but people that turning to their middle age would find it hard to seek for a job, so do the older adults. To provide more changes and focus on promoting job opportunities for older adults could reduce chances for older adults to suffer in penury and financial difficulties. Moreover, it can also extend the older adults engagement with the society and rejecting the clinical framework that older adults could not contribute to the society. Hopefully, it could help to change the biased comprehension of ageing and it might help Hong Kong to adapt the demographic changes. Information applied science (IT) for older adults Getting older adults to involvePossible work could be done in IT with older adults that could serve as a diversifica tion as it is society oriented or situational.With the support from the activity theory, there is a need to get the older adults to be involved. However, with the changing society, it has become a heavily technology- base society. Isolating the older adults might not be the best solution and it has also deteriorated ageism in Hong Kong. As a result, IT should be considered and be served as a creature to help the older adults to regain their identity in the society.Lets start with introducing two existing technologiesa. Personal Emergency marryOne of the popular technologies that are related to older adults in Hong Kong would be the Personal Emergency Link (PE join). Such technology has been used since 1996. The profit operates by connecting the PE link users with a so-called advanced communication system to a 24-hour PE link centre. By pressing the portable remote trigger, the PE link users would be affiliated and be able to talk to someone in the PE link call centre. In addit ion, the medical history of the user would be saved within the PE link organisation database and would send to the hospital when there is an emergency.However, such service can only be used at home and only benefit to those that can afford or can apply for funding. This service is not universal and might act as a kernel for older adults in Hong Kong. If such service could not cover the vast majority of older adults in Hong Kong, how do we evaluate the effectiveness of such service? get onmore, as the PE link could only use at home, it cannot help when the older adults go out. It also requires the pressing action in order to help notifying the people in the PE link call centre.b. Global put SystemGlobal Positioning System (GPS) is well-known among the mobile users as GPS is integrated into the mobile phone for ease of search different locations. Recently, there is investigation of GPS in Hong Kong. Assisted Global Positioning System based (AGPS-based) Elderly tracking system is be ing implemented in Hong Kong in an experimental level (Wong et al., 2009). Such system utilizes the mature technology GPS in order to track and position a person in out-of-door environment. In this experimental stage, the tested older individual needs to get hold of the device out with them in which some of the participants would find it awkward. Further development of such technology is needed with possible integration of AGPS-based senior(a) tracking system within the mobile phone. In addition, there is a need to improve its usability in indoor settings (Wong et al., 2009).Both systems have shown how technology could help to improve older adults lives and there are many different assistive technologies to help improving older adults lives. But how we could make older adults participate in the IT-based communication society that is one of the dimensions that social thespian should need to consider.It seems that the two technologies have their advantages and disadvantages howev er they alert the society, the government or the people that it is very important to have careful planning when dealing with older adults. Whats more, sometimes, it is essential to change older adults perception towards ageing as well as the general public. To compete with the fast growing technology, the perception shaping towards IT for older adults would need to be studies to allow useful means of intervention. However, it takes time for the society to be reshaped.With the possible increasing uses of internet in the future, social security for older adults could become a concern. Older adults might become a target for crimes in which they might expose their personal entropy. A long-term approach of applying IT for older adults might be more suitable with proper education with any safety issues. There is endlessly difficult to have a balance between the advantages and disadvantages of technology.IT for older adults might become a future trend in Hong Kong with the ageing society and the need of the evolving teaching society. However, the cooperation between the government, social workers, older adults and any other stakeholders would be challenging. It is important to understand and to update the knowledge while implementing programmes as well as developing some unique technologies for older adults in Hong Kong. Last but not least, to assess the possible issues or problems that could cause by the advancement of IT.Social workers should try to intervene in different levels and understand their responsibilities in helping older adults to establish social networks or their status in the information society. Referred to the social stratifications, the three elements are crucial and one of them would be the status. The status that would be established in the information society might have an important effect in confirm older adults social status in the society. Consequently, to redefine older adults as worthies as other people in different age group and to r educe the possible status declining situation.Micro levelCounselling online, in which internet would become a platform for older adults to express their opinions and to find social worker to talk to. There is no doubt that some older adults tend not to seek for help from social workers as sometimes they believe that social workers are working for those that are in poverty or disables. Some older adults do not understand the nature of social work profession. By using IT, social workers might be able to develop a more diverse social function in the society.Mezzo levelIT programmes for older adults could allow older adults to have access to computers and also to build up social networks through the use of computers as well as being involved in the classes satisfying the description of activity theory. In addition, older adults who join the IT programmes would exchange something of valuable to them, for example new relationship (friendships).Macro levelSocial worker might need to consid er and assess the accessibility of IT to older adults. Because of that, social workers would need to understand and equip themselves with the up-to-dated technologies. In addition, there is a need for better communication between social workers and the Hong Kong government, because when the society is changing and developing into an information society, there is a need for the government to consider evolving the welfare. By developing welfare services with IT for the older adults, social workers might need to raise the importance of this new concept. Social bm and Social Campaign Changing the stereotyped perceptionsFollowing the previous part the macro level intervention for IT, social workers should act as a helping professional to help organising social strawman to fight for the welfare for older adults. At the same time, they should highlight the importance of such achievement or campaign to the government and the general public. It is not only the indebtedness of the gover nment to provide adequate resources to the older adults it is also the responsibility for the society. The Hong Kong society seems to neglect the special needs of older adults with the limited facilities that the society has provided for older adults. I believe by changing the perceptions and consolidate the understanding of demographic change and ageing to the general public, the awareness could be raised. Social movement and social campaign could serve as a form of community education and a catalyst to influence policy development in Hong Kong.4. ConclusionTheories help to explain ageism however they could also be served as an emphasis of ageism and providing the negative image of ageing. Social workers should endlessly equip themselves with related theories to understand such inequality in a long term perspective. Furthermore, social workers should also have up-to-date information on such social phenomenon which allows them to integrate theories with current situations. Conseque ntly, social workers would provide precise or related intervention.For this paper, one of the main conclusions is that social workers in Hong Kong should try to change the present negative perception of ageing for both the older adults and the general public as a primary dance step to solve ageism. Providing job opportunities for older adults, integrating older adults with IT as well as organising social movement and campaign could be some possible area in which social worker could work on cooperating with theories.5. ReferencesCurrey, R. (2008). ageism in healthcare Time for a change. Aging Well, 1(1), 16.Dozois, E. (2006). Ageism A review of the literature . Alberta Word on the Street Consulting Ltd..Harper, S. (2004), Families in Ageing Societies A Multi-Disciplinary Approach. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 4th December 2009 from http//dx.doi.org/10.1093/0199251169.001.0001Moberg, D. (2001). Aging and spirituality Spiritual dimensions of aging theory, research, practice, an d policy. Binghamton, New York Haworth Pastoral Press.National Master (2003). Hong Kong Population Pyramid 1990 2050. Retrieved inaugural December, 2009 from http//www.nationmaster.com/country/hk-hong-kong/Age-_distributionNolen-Hoeksema, S., Fredrickson, B.L., Loftus, G.R., Wagenaar, W.A., (2009) Atkinson and Hilgards Introduction to Psychology (15th ed.). Thomson Wadsworth.Palmore, E. . (1999). Ageism Negative Positive. Springer issue Company.Papalia, D.E., Olds, S.W., Feldman, R.D. Gross, D. (2009). Human Development (11th ed.). McGrawHill, BostonRoy, H., Russel, C. (2005). The encyclopedia of aging and the elderly. MedRounds Publications.The Medical Dictionary. (2009). Disengagement Theory. Retrieved October 22, 2009 from http//medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/disengagement+theory.Traxler, A. J. (1980). Lets get gerontologized Developing a sensitivity to aging. The multi-purpose senior sum total concept A training manual for practitioners working with the aging. S pringfield, IL Illinois subdivision of Aging.Wolf, L. (1998). Ageism An introduction. Retrieved 30th October, 2009 from http//www.webster.edu/woolflm/ageism.htmlWong, A. K. S., Woo, T. K., Lee, A. T., Xiao, X., Luk, V. W., (2009). An AGPS-Based Elderly Tracking System. Retrieved 1st December, 2009 from http//www.ece.ust.hk/vincentl/paper/3-agps-elderly-icufn.pdf early days Rights Network. (2007). Ageism. Retrieved 30th October, 2009 from http//www.youthrights.net/index.php?title=Ageism

The Adkar Change Management Model Business Essay

The Adkar flip-flop Management Model Business EssayIndustrial Laboratory Problems with Production, Efficiency, and Flow. unvarying part benefit is the centralize of a timbre based draw in an industrial QC science lab, alone science testing ground leading that atomic number 18 insufficient in whole tone assurance knowledge tooshie struggle with analyzing cropion, efficiency, or weeflow problems. Major issues industrial QC research lab leaders encounter be uneven workloads, poor work scheduling, lack of cross cultivation, overstrained work activities, and untamedful wasteful borderes (Reynolds, 2009). To combat these issues of poor science research lab efficiency and quality, assertive laboratory leaders may try to improve conditions by implementing an efficiency body, much(prenominal) as fly the coop 5S. Problem recognition, by industrial QC laboratory leaders, is a valuable starting whole tone to consecutive quality improvement. Insufficient arrest of the complexity involved in inefficient culture, the lean 5S organisation purpose, and switch oversight leads to visitation for near industrial laboratory leaders in swaning a meaningful and successful lean 5S culture reassign.5S Description as a Foundation to Lean,and 5S disappointment5S is a volt flavour outline for altering the environment of an industrial lab that is inefficient, wasteful, and displaying poor quality into a lab that is organized, experiences smooth work flow of product and force, and is visu altogethery raise as a result, bringing wasteful issues to the forefront for continuous improvement. The 5S system is a quality improvement development originating in Japan unequivocally, the five Ss ar seiri, seiton, seiso, seiketsu, and shitsuke (Hirano,1992) however, in the English version the five Ss progress to been presumption the names sort, set in hunting lodge, shine, standardize, and have (5S Supply, 2011).Each quantity of the 5S system works to gether. 5S starts with sort, where an industrial laboratory visually organizes and labels its entire inventory in groups of importance and categorical description for instance, marking all laboratory equipment as essential, possible essential, and non-essential (Nilipour Jamshidian, 2005). All non-essential items be marked with a red iota and thusly taken to a holding bea for non-value added item disposal. conformation is the step of removing waste that reduces clutter and improves organization for moving on to the nigh step in the 5S system, set in order. Set in order is the orderliness step where all value-added inventory items ar organized and correctly label for easy economic consumption and access. Access to items is determined by how a good deal they are involve or apply for example, frequently use laboratory equipment and tools should be kept close to the area of learn, and less frequently utilize items can be stored away in a properly labeled area for easy di scovery (Froehling, 2009). Organizational tools are implemented such(prenominal) as labeling cabinets and shelves, color coding equipment and tools, and outlining and labeling work areas. Organizing, labeling, and placing laboratory tools and equipment in their designated locations spare for ease of the next 5S step of shine. Shine involves cleaning the laboratory, removing dirt and grime, and do the lab shine. Cleanliness and orderliness endures an industrial lab environment for easily identifying and eliminating waste and non-value added items.To bother the 5S system part of everyday lab activities, the first triplet steps of 5S must vex part of laboratory standard operate procedure for this reason, the work require to be standardized through work tasks (Froehling, 2009). Each employee of the lab must do his or her part in pass offly organizing, eliminating waste, and cleaning subsequently, these tasks are done by implementing the fourth step of standardize. Once the 5S system is standardized, it must be reinforced through the avow step which involves such activities as auditing, appraisal, and overbearing feedback consequently, sustain is the step most practitioners neglect and do not fully implement, therefore leading to failure of this step. According to Hogg (2005), the sustain step, of the 5S system, is where the majority of 5S failure occurs.There are those that consider the 5S system as basic housekeeping, and if a practitioner were to blueprint at the first three steps of 5S, it would be (Eaton, 2000). What the laboratory leaders fail to recognize is the true application of all five steps of 5S as the root to a lean laboratory and as a permanent culture switch to a lab that has operated in the bygone as inefficient and wasteful. For example, if an industrial laboratory has been working for 10 eld as inefficient, and so inefficiency would be customary and the standard engrained in that laboratory culture. Because of this history, it would take more than housekeeping to break down the cultural barriers living in this laboratory work environment to improve efficiency and quality dogged term. If 5S is labeled as housekeeping by laboratory leaders or top(prenominal) worry, then the 5S quality initiative most sure as shooting falters (Hogg, 2005).5S as a Culture form, and ChangeManagement FailureIt is substantial for industrial laboratory leaders to realize that 5S implementation is more than housekeeping. 5S is a alternate in the following three areas work flow of product and force out, functioning of the lab in terms of inventory and equipment, and standard in operation(p) procedures and daily activities. Understanding the turns that take place through the implementation of the laboratory 5S system is crucial knowledge for laboratory leading. 5S is not a quality tool, but a lean quality system that requires metamorphose from all industrial laboratory military group. According to Shil (2009), it is crucial for laboratory leadership and upper management to acknowledge lean 5S as a culture modify to the organization, and not a simple task performed periodically.Now that the 5S system has been conventional successfully as a win over in culture it is all- of import(a) for the 5S facilitator to understand the intricacies of implementing metamorphose, and sustaining the intended change as necessary with lean 5S. The fundamental issues needing to be addressed when implementing change are leadership underpin, employee fortress, and change advantage. leadership support is very important to start the 5S implementation, so laboratory personnel must recognize that company management is serious about the changes macrocosm put forth, and looking confident in management to provide the resources and support that is needed to make the changes materialize and endure. Employee subway can be a huge obstacle to the implementation of change therefore, leadership cannot ignore resistan ce and must do all it can to change resistance to sufferance (Obrien, 2008). Engaging the employee is the first step to breaking down this barrier, and engagement is effectuate by effective communication and employee interestingness. Communication is important for educating laboratory personnel on the reasons for the proposed change, and for their intelligence of the root causes of laboratory inefficiencies that brought on the need for change. good communication brings a positive light to the employees perception of the change, gives them an understanding of the needed change, and starts the breakdown of resistance (Society for valet Resource Management, 2007). The next important side for leadership in employee engagement is to involve the laboratory personnel in the decision making and implementation conceptionning of the 5S system. ingestment in the change gives the laboratory personnel a sense of ownership in the system, and continues to exhaust the remaining resistance to change. According to Gallup Business Journal (2012), engaging employees pass ons wrath within the workforce and that passion can turn employee resistance to employee mental institution and promotion of change.Once a change has been implemented it is not needfully secure consequently, this uncertainty is a third reason 5S practitioners fail to sustain the intended quality improvements that lean 5S is meant for. 5S is a dynamic system that needs to be managed and measured. Most failure of 5S occurs in the fifth step of sustain because laboratory leaders lose focus on the 5S system. Because standards are in place and the laboratory is clean and organized, leaders think the laboratory exit continue to operate this way. This thought process is a big wrongdoing and causes the 5S system to deteriorate and result in laboratory personnel losing sign enthusiasm for the lean quality initiative. According to Bevan (2011), the major factor in successful change is not putting together a political platform or understanding the change, but implementing and sustaining the change, yet many change leaders assume initial change will stick, therefore neglecting to preserve the change. Failure of the 5S system is not only a waste of resources, money and time, but excessively a loss of opportunity. The 5S system is the foundation of a lean laboratory, and if 5S fails it can result in an increase in laboratory personnel change resistance for any future lean initiatives. Understanding the intent of 5S as a culture change and demonstrating a clear understanding of the complexities of change management practice is extremely beneficial for any 5S practitioner.Change Management Success, and theADKAR Change Management Model5S is not a laboratory housekeeping task or quality tool on the contrary, 5S is a lean system that requires culture change in the industrial laboratory. In order for a successful implementation and sustainable 5S culture change in an industrial laboratory, a c hange management model can be extremely important and vital for cookery, educating, implementing, and sustaining the quality initiative. A change management model provides the structure that is missing from the 5S steps for successful and sustainable change. Research shows that change, such as 5S, breaks down due to poor planning and leadership, employee resistance and human resource neglect, and insufficient living of the change in culture (Song, 2009). One such change management model that has turn out success is the ADKAR change management model developed by Jeffrey Hiatt from the Prosci scholarship Center.The ADKAR change management model consists of five elements that build off of all(prenominal) other, and focus on important areas of change such as, evaluation, management leadership, employee engagement, development, and reinforcer (Hiatt, 2006). Although some industry professionals may prefer an alternative change management model, the ADKAR model was chosen for its simplicity, structure, and faculty to implement change ranging from change in individuals to more complex company-wide change.ADKAR elementsThe ADKAR change management model has five elements in its structure, and the five elements areAwareness,Desire,Knowledge,Ability, reward.Awareness Element of the ADKAR ModelThe element of sentience consists of some very important spirits in providing a solid foundation to a change initiative like lean 5S. One aspect is the ability to evaluate the organizations openness to change, and provide information for evaluating each element of the ADKAR model. For instance, find how aware the organization is on its need to change, if management supports the proposed changes, and if the change has been communicated to the employees. military rating is a good starting point in determining which element of the ADKAR model is the weakest in respect to the organization making the changes. Evaluation could answer important questions likeWhat is the need level of the employees to making this change happen?How knowledgeable are employees on the new processes and systems intended from the change?Are resources and workforce available to enable the laboratory to implement the changes?Is there a process for reinforcing the changes, and is the laboratory able to sustain the new systems and processes long term?Evaluation using the ADKAR change management model provides 5S leadership with a planning resource for making a difficult plan prior to beginning the 5S system implementation.Awareness also promotes the importance of having pie-eyed management support for the planned 5S changes subsequently, sponsorship is important for giving laboratory employees the odour of being supported by upper management, and confidence knowing that resources are being provided for the full 5S implementation. Awareness likewise covers the very important process of communicating to employees the reasoning for the 5S system, and engaging employees on their concerns and ideas, and using their experience to build strong support for the 5S system. According to the survey by the Society of Human Resource Management (2007), the two highest reported barriers to successful change are employee resistance to change, and insufficient communication of the planned change. Hiatt (2006) lists the four strategies of developing awareness of change asOperative Communication,Top Management Support,Leadership Instruction, leave Information Access.Desire Element of the ADKAR ModelPeople are course hesitant to change, and strategically communicating the need for 5S and showing strong management support is designed to create the next element of the ADKAR model specifically, desire for the 5S system in the laboratory. Desire is the breaking down of change resistance and the barriers to change inherent in the laboratory employees, and engaging them to the point of play resistance to enthusiasm. According to Zigarmi and Hoekstra (2011), resistance to change is created when change is forced on employees instead of performed with employees furthermore, not involving the employees being affected by the change taking place is the largest obstruction to successful change. Jeffrey Hiatt (2006) lists the maneuvers for creating desire in the ADKAR model asSponsor the change successfully in collaboration with employees,Provide managers the ability to perform as change leaders,Appraise risk and expect resistance,Involve employees in the process,Align enticement programs to the goals.After the first two elements of ADKAR are implemented, the laboratory personnel are aware of the efficiency problems in the laboratory department, and the need for continuous quality improvement. Through effective communication and employee involvement the desire to change is strong, and employees are on board with the next step of learning about the five steps and structure of the 5S system. Not addressing the first two steps of awareness and desire is the first p roblem 5S practitioners make as a result, they do not set a strong foundation for implementing a system as culturally complicated as 5S. Laboratory leaders can misinterpret the 5S system as a simple housekeeping activity or quality tool and then struggle mightily, because laboratory employees cannot understand the need for the system, and do not feel the presence of management support accordingly, employees then naturally build a resistance to the implementation of 5S into the laboratory.Knowledge Element of the ADKAR ModelKnowledge is the third element of the ADKAR change management model. Knowledge is the training element of the change management structure and consists of training all laboratory employees on the history, structure, and processes used in the 5S system. The knowledge element of the ADKAR model stresses the importance of robust knowledge of how to implement and use each 5S step, and making sure laboratory employees are unified in implementing and following the proce dures to be developed. Jeffrey Hiatt (2006) describes the exercises for building knowledge in the ADKAR model asTrain and educate with effectiveness,Provide work tools, bus employees individually,Develop training groups and settings.According to the research paper by Korkut, Cakicier, Erdinler, Ulay, and Dogan (2009), 5S training by organizational leadership to the personnel executing the 5S implementation is a decisive factor in the successful 5S operation. Eaton and Caprenter (2000), reiterate the importance of training and emphasize that all affected employees need to understand how 5S works, how it is implemented, and what the results should be.Ability Element of the ADKAR ModelAbility is the fourth element of the ADKAR model, and emphasizes the importance of providing resources in time, manpower, and equipment for a full implementation of all 5S steps. If time, manpower, and equipment are not adequate for implementing changes, then the whole 5S system can be compromised and eac h step may not be completed as the system is designed. Jeffrey Hiatt (2006) lists the exercises for crafting ability in the ADKAR model asSupport the change through daily executive program involvement,Provide expert advice in subject material,Appraise performance,Involve employees in training exercises.According to Bevan (2011), monetary, workforce, and technological resources must be available and utilise to empower the change to be executed, or the change will be impaired. Minimalizing resources on change implementation such as 5S into an industrial laboratory can weaken the sustainability of the intended changes in summary, laboratory personnel need the tools and time to get the job done.Reinforcement Element of the ADKAR ModelReinforcement is the last element of the ADKAR change management model. This element is extremely important if the 5S system is to be sustainable for the long term in an industrial laboratory. Knowing that 5S failures happen most often when 5S practitione rs neglect the last step of the 5S system, sustain, then the ADKAR model can provide the proper planning and focus needed on building a sustainable 5S system in the industrial laboratory. Reinforcement accentuates the importance of measuring the affects of 5S changes through auditing the 5S system. According to Bevan (2011), bring in the changes by comparing results with the planned vision of the 5S system and reassessing goals to promote continual improvement are critical factors in successful and sustainable change. Hiatt (2006) also underscores the importance of employee recognition for following new 5S standard operating procedures, being a team player, and enthusiastically promoting the 5S culture changes. Another point of backing is the continuation of management support, and keeping management involved with auditing and providing the needed positive feedback for employee recognition. Leaders of change must be aware of their role in successful change, and their responsibilit y in fostering the new system for proceed growth and change in culture (Higgs Rowland, 2010). If the documentation of the industrial laboratory 5S system is planned for and followed, as the ADKAR model can provide, then the opportunity of 5S sustainability failure will extremely diminish, and the 5S culture change can become the norm.Reinforcement, Continuous Improvement,and PDSA CycleThe ADKAR model stresses the importance of a strong bread and butter process for sustainability and continuous improvement of implemented changes. An important quality and continuous improvement tool that provides a strong reinforcement process for 5S sustainability is the use of the continuous improvement pedal of PDSA (plan, do, study, act). With the inclusion of the PDSA cycle in the reinforcement element of the ADKAR model, 5S system audits, metrics, appraisals, and laboratory personnel feedback and recognition would be planned, implemented, study for effectiveness, and continually improved by enacting changes to improve culture change reinforcement and 5S sustainably. According to the PDSA workbook from the State of Victoria Department of Health (2010), the PDSA cycle is an splendiferous model for continuous system improvement furthermore, the workbook breaks down each human body of the PDSA cycle as followsPlan Phase The planning of the 5S improvement that answers, the who, what, when, why, and how of the initiative.Do Phase The execution of the scheduled deliverables from the planning figure.Study Phase The revue phase of comparing where the 5S system was and where it is now since the planned improvement initiatives have been executed. Measurables are taken to determine if changes were beneficial, or if more changes are needed to meet intended plans.Act Phase The moving forward phase to realize the gains from the cycle, determine opportunities that have risen from this initiative, and decide if the improvement cycle needs to be repeated or are new strategies se eming for improvement.The ADKAR reinforcement element employs five campaigns for reinforcing changeCelebration and Recognition,Rewards,Feedback from Employees,Audits and Performance standard Systems,Accountability Systems (Hiatt, 2006).To employ these reinforcement campaigns and continually improve these tactics, PDSA can provide the continuous improvement model for devising, implementing, measuring, and improving the five tactics of reinforcement that the 5S system needs for long term sustainability. Continuous quality improvement is a voyage, and the PDSA cycle provides the structure needed to verify the sustainability of 5S through recurring assessment, and prevention of disparities within the 5S system from its intentions (Quality Insights of Pennsylvania, 2011). Each PDSA cycle performed in the reinforcement element of ADKAR provides a learning experience that can be used for continually strengthening the 5S system, and sufficiently reacting to laboratory environment changes a nd new quality issues (Srivannaboon, 2009).